Table 3 Maternal characteristics by HEI-SGP in the GUSTO cohort study
| Â | HEI-SGP scorea GUSTO cohort | Â | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | Low Tertile (n = 319) | Middle Tertile (n = 316) | High Tertile (n = 320) | P* |
Total energy (kcal)b | 1924 (594.9) | 1795 (566.2) | 1852 (507.9) | 0.014 |
Age (years)b | 26.7 (5.4) | 30.5 (5.1) | 31.7 (4.6) | <0.001 |
BMI 26Â weeks (kg/m2)b | 26.3 (4.6) | 26.8 (4.7) | 25.4 (3.6) | <0.001 |
Ethnicityc | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Chinese | 150 (28.7) | 160 (30.6) | 213 (40.7) | <0.001 |
 Malay | 121 (47.8) | 92 (36.4) | 40 (15.8) |  |
 Indian | 48 (26.8) | 64 (35.8) | 67 (37.4) |  |
Gravidityc | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 First pregnancy | 76 (27.7) | 97 (35.4) | 101 (36.9) | 0.061 |
 Not first pregnancy | 243 (35.7) | 219 (32.2) | 219 (32.2) |  |
Marital statusc | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Single, not living with husband | 18 (58.1) | 10 (32.3) | 3 (9.7) | 0.004 |
 Married, living with husband | 301 (32.6) | 306 (33.1) | 317 (34.3) |  |
Educational statusc | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Primary/Secondary | 116 (40.7) | 103 (36.1) | 66 (23.2) | <0.001 |
 Post-secondary | 133 (38.2) | 114 (32.8) | 101 (29.0) |  |
 University and above | 70 (21.7) | 99 (30.7) | 153 (47.5) |  |
Workc | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 103 (34.2) | 110 (36.5) | 88 (29.2) | 0.131 |
 Yes | 216 (33.0) | 206 (31.5) | 232 (35.5) |  |
Household income categoryc | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 <S$2000 | 62 (46.6) | 45 (33.8) | 26 (19.5) | <0.001 |
 S$2000-5999 | 203 (35.7) | 190 (33.5) | 175 (30.8) |  |
 >S$6000 | 54 (21.3) | 81 (31.9) | 119 (46.9) |  |
Smoking during pregnancyc | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 304 (32.7) | 308 (33.1) | 318 (34.2) | 0.005 |
 Yes | 15 (60.0) | 8 (32.0) | 2 (8.0) |  |
Smoking regular before pregnancyc | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 260 (31.2) | 277 (33.3) | 296 (35.5) | <0.001 |
 Yes | 59 (48.4) | 39 (32.0) | 24 (19.7) |  |
Alcohol use during pregnancyc | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 311 (33.3) | 310 (33.2) | 314 (33.6) | 0.819 |
 Yes | 8 (40.0) | 6 (30.0) | 6 (30.0) |  |
Alcohol usage before pregnancyc | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 213 (33.7) | 223 (35.3) | 196 (31.0) | 0.044 |
 Yes | 106 (32.8) | 93 (28.8) | 124 (38.4) |  |
Combined moderate and Strenuous Exercisec | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 310 (33.5) | 306 (33.0) | 310 (33.5) | 0.963 |
 Yes | 9 (31.0) | 10 (34.5) | 10 (34.5) |  |