Table 2 Univariable analysis of socio-demographic characteristics and underweight status in children under five in Rwanda, DHS 2010

Child characteristics

 Underweight

469

11.4

-

-

Child size at birth* age in months

 Not small size, <12

444

11.2

1

 Small size, <12

23

16.9

1.62 [0.97, 2.70]

0.067

 Not small size, 12–23

442

11.1

1

 Small size, 12–23

25

19.6

1.95 [1.23, 3.10]

0.005

 Not small size, 24–35

441

11.1

1

 Small size, 24–35

25

18.8

1.85 [1.18, 2.90]

0.008

 Not small size, 36–47

444

11.1

1

 Small size, 36–47

22

19.6

1.95 [1.14, 3.33]

0.015

 Not small size, 48–59

438

11.0

1

 Small size, 48–59

28

23.2

2.45 [1.60, 3.75]

<0.001

Child sex

 Girls

2075

10.0

1

 Boys

2101

12.7

1.31 [1.06, 1.60]

0.010

Breastfeeding

 Ever breastfed, not currently breastfeeding

2025

11.7

1

 Never breastfed

12

16.4

1.48 [0.36, 6.09]

0.586

 Still breastfeeding

2123

11.0

0.94 [0.78, 1.13]

0.495

Fever in last 2 weeks

 No

3481

10.7

1

 Yes

693

14.7

1.43 [1.09, 1.86]

0.009

Deworming (drugs for intestinal parasites in last 6 months)

 No

897

9.3

1

 Yes

3278

12

1.33 [1.01, 1.76]

0.040

Diarrhea in last 2 weeks

 No

3606

11.0

1

 Yes

569

13.9

1.31 [1.00, 1.72]

0.052

Full vaccinated

 No

1029

10.2

1

 Yes

3147

11.8

1.18 [0.92, 1.52]

0.191

Birth interval (from previous birth)

 Singleton first-born

1014

6.8

1

 Singleton birth <2 years

624

8.4

1.26 [0.89, 1.80]

0.193

 Singleton birth > =2 years

2437

13.2

2.09 [1.59, 2.76]

<0.001

 Multiple births

101

31.2

6.21 [3.55, 10.85]

<0.001

Mother characteristics

Mother age

 15–24 years

755

6.9

1

 25–34 years

2255

10.5

1.58 [1.09, 2.28]

0.015

 35–49 years

1166

16.1

2.59 [1.79, 3.76]

<0.001

Mother’s highest level of educational

 No education

803

14.7

6.06 [3.22, 11.42]

<0.001

 Primary

3016

11.5

4.60 [2.51, 8.43]

<0.001

 Secondary or higher

357

2.8

1

Smoking

 No

3988

11.1

1

 Yes

188

16.6

1.59 [1.00, 2.53]

0.049

Body mass index of mother

  < 18.5 underweight

186

24.5

2.52 [1.67, 3.81]

<0.001

 18.5–24.9 normal weight

3000

11.4

1

 25.0–29.9 overweight

528

6.2

0.51 [0.35, 0.75]

0.001

  > =30 Obesity

94

7.7

0.65 [0.31, 1.35]

0.245

Delivered by health care professional

 Yes

2919

9.9

1

 No

1257

14.8

1.57 [1.28, 1.94]

<0.001

Number of antenatal care visits

 None

53

10.1

1

 1

136

16.2

1.72 [0.61, 4.88]

0.306

 2-3

1790

10.9

1.10 [0.43, 2.79]

0.843

 4+

1084

9.6

0.95 [0.36, 2.46]

0.909

Mother occupation

 Not working

415

13.1

2.35 [1.33, 4.13]

0.003

 Skilled worker

374

6.0

1

 Unskilled worker

3385

11.8

2.09 [1.33, 3.26]

0.001

Marital status

 Single

255

10.2

1

 Married

3573

11.0

1.09 [0.69, 1.75]

0.703

Divorced/separated

348

15.9

1.66 [0.96, 2.87]

0.068

Household characteristics

Number of living children

 1-3

2547

9.5

1

 4+

1629

14.3

1.58 [1.27, 1.96]

<0.001

Number of persons in household

 2-3

599

7.8

1

 4+

3577

12.0

1.61 [1.17, 2.22]

0.004

Sex of the household head

 Female

877

11.8

1.05 [0.83, 1.33]

0.654

 Male

3299

11.3

1

Residence

 Urban

484

6.4

1

 Rural

3692

12.0

2.00 [1.35, 2.95]

0.001

Wealth quintiles

 Top 2

1480

7.4

1

 Middle

848

11.3

1.58 [1.15, 2.17]

0.004

 Bottom 2

1848

14.6

2.14 [1.66, 2.75]

<0.001

Toilet is clean upon inspection

 Yes

1442

8.7

1

 No

2717

12.8

1.53 [1.21, 1.94]

<0.001

Type of quality of toilet

 Unimproved shared

203

19.4

2.17 [1.43, 3.30]

<0.00

 Improved shared

575

9.2

0.91 [0.62, 1.33]

0.635

 Improved not shared

2431

10.0

1

 Unimproved not shared

866

15.0

1.60 [1.24, 2.07]

0.001

Proximity to improved water source

 Water on premise

167

5.5

1

  < 30 minutes

1787

11.9

2.31 [1.22, 4.38]

0.010

  > =30 minutes

2181

11.6

2.26 [1.20, 4.28]

0.012

Anything done to water to make safe to drink

 Yes

2058

9.5

1

 No

2118

13.2

1.44 [1.15, 1.80]

0.001