Table 2 Association risk factors with anemia in non-pregnant women

Durbachati + Ramganga + Gopalnagar (villages)

117 (29)

286 (71)

1.66 (1.22–2.26)

0.001

Daskhinraypur (village)

143 (40)

218 (60)

0.03 (0.76–1.40)

0.814

Sreenarayanpur Purnachandrapur (village)

132 (41)

194 (59)

Reference

–

Muslim

40 (43)

54 (57)

0.73 (0.48–1.13)

0.165

Hindu

352 (35)

644 (65)

Reference

–

Never attended school

78 (30)

180 70)

1.39 (1.03–1.88)

0.029

Ever attended school

314 (38)

518 (62)

Reference

–

Number of children > 2

120 (30)

287 (70)

1.58 (1.21–2.05)

0.001

Number of children ≤ 2

272 (40)

411 (60)

Reference

–

Women not involved in income generation activities

371 (36)

657 (64)

0.91 (0.53–1.56)

0.721

Women involved in income generation activities

21 (34)

41 (66)

Reference

–

Age >34 years

78 (27)

210 (73)

1.87 (1.11–3.15)

0.083

>29 & ≤34 years

59 (34)

113 (66)

1.33 (0.76–2.31)

0.180

>24 & ≤29 years

87 (39)

134 (61)

1.07 (0.63–1.81)

0.623

>19 & ≤24 years

136 (41)

195 (59)

0.99 (0.60–1.64)

0.992

≤19 years

32 (41)

46 (59)

Reference

–

BMI < 18.5 kg/m²

81 (30)

185 (70)

1.38 (1.03–1.86)

0.032

≥18.5 kg/m²

311 (38)

513 (62)

Reference

–

Intake polished rice

5 (33)

10 (67)

1.12 (0.38–3.31)

0.83

Intake per boiled rice

387 (36)

688 (64)

Reference

–

Green vegetables intake frequency - Nil

1 (13)

7 (87)

4.46 (0.56–38.53)

1.55

2–4 days in a month

86 (37)

144 (63)

1.11 (0.75–1.66)

0.60

2–3 days in week

230 (35)

434 (65)

1.25 (0.90–1.75)

0.18

Almost every day

75 (40)

113 (60)

Reference

–

Pulse intake frequency - Nil

21 (35)

39 (65)

0.92 (0.46–1.88)

0.83

2–4 days in a month

148 (37)

252 (63)

0.85 (0.51–1.39)

0.52

2–3 days in week

195 (36)

351 (64)

0.90 (0.55–1.46)

0.67

Almost every day

28 (33)

56 (67)

–

–

Lemon intake frequency with meal- Nil

207 (36)

375 (64)

0.74 (0.30–1.81)

0.51

2–4 days in a month

152 (39)

238 (61)

0.64 (0.26–1.59)

0.34

2–3 days in week

25 (27)

68 (73)

1.12 (0.41–3.02)

0.82

Almost every day

8 (32)

17 (68)

Reference

–

Egg intake frequency - Nil

28 (29)

70 (71)

1.42 (0.51–4.02)

0.49

2–4 days in a month

287 (36)

504 (64)

1.02 (0.39–2.63)

0.96

2–3 days in week

70 (38)

112 (62)

0.94 (0.35–2.50)

0.90

Almost every day

7 (37)

12 (63)

Reference

–

Fish intake frequency - Nil

2 (33)

4 (67)

1.20 (0.21–6.62)

0.83

2–4 days in a month

61 (35)

112 (65)

1.10 (0.76–1.58)

0.59

2–3 days in week

159 (35)

299 (65)

1.13 (0.86–1.48)

0.38

Almost every day

170 (38)

283 (62)

Reference

–

Chicken intake frequency - Nil

22 (34)

42 (66)

1.10 (0.18–6.50)

0.91

2–4 days in a month

361 (36)

461 (64)

0.88 (0.16–4.85)

0.88

2–3 days in week

8 (42)

11 (58)

0.61 (0.90–4.13)

0.61

Almost every day

1 (20)

4 (80)

Reference

–

Animal meat (other than chicken) intake frequency - Nil

296 (35)

556 (65)

0.93 (0.17–5.15)

0.94

2–4 days in a month

93 (40)

137 (60)

0.73 (0.13–4.10)

0.72

2–3 days in week

1 (50)

1 (50)

0.50 (0.50–12.89)

0.67

Almost every day

2 (33)

4 (67)

Reference

–

Milk intake frequency - Nil

66 (34)

126 (66)

0.88 (0.58–1.32)

0.53

2–4 days in a month

217 (37)

361 (63)

0.78 (0.56–1.08)

0.13

2–3 days in week

35 (40)

53 (60)

0.70 (0.42–1.17)

0.18

Almost every day

74 (32)

158 (68)

Reference

–

Fruits intake frequency - Nil

68 (38)

109 (62)

0.49 (0.18–1.28)

0.14

2–4 days in a month

276 (36)

495 (64)

0.53 (0.21–1.34)

0.18

2–3 days in week

42 (36)

74 (64)

0.53 (0.20–1.43)

0.21

Almost every day

6 (23)

20 (77)

Reference

–

Germinated gram intake frequency - Nil

312 (36)

546 (64)

0.41 (0.15–1.11)

0.08

2–4 days in a month

54 (39)

85 (61)

0.37 (0.13–1.06)

0.06

2–3 days in week

21 (31)

46 (69)

0.49 (0.16–1.49)

0.21

Almost every day

5 (19)

21 (81)

Reference

–

Drinking water storage in wide mouth container

291 (36)

524 (64)

0.95 (0.72–1.27)

0.95

Drinking water storage in narrow mouth container

101 (37)

174 (63)

Reference

–

Draw drinking water by dipping a pot in water storage vessels

9 (53)

8 (47)

0.49 (0.18–1.28)

0.14

Draw drinking water by pouring water from storage vessels

383 (36)

690 (64)

Reference

–

Pond/Well/ other water used for washing utensils

329 (36)

573 (63)

0.88 (0.63–1.22)

0.44

Tubewell/Piped water used for washing utensils

63 (34)

125 (66)

Reference

Open air defecation

208 (34)

396 (66)

1.16 (0.91–1.49)

0.24

Use Sanitary toilet/Pakka toilet

184 (38)

302 (62)

Reference

–

Used water/mud/ash for washing hand after defecation

155 (35)

282 (65)

1.037 (0.80–1.33)

0.78

Use soap for hand wash after defecation

237 (36)

416 (64)

Reference

–

Does not use any contraceptive method for family planning

93 (30)

220 (70)

2.02 (1.50–2.78)

<0.001

Contraceptive method apart from Oral pills

93 (28)

240 (72)

2.23 (1.64–3.02)

<0.001

Oral pills contraceptive method used for family planning

206 (46)

238 (54)

Reference

–