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Table 5 Results of multivariable logistic regression analysis showing determinants of malnutrition

From: Prevalence and associated factors of malnutrition among children under-five years in Sindh, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study

Variables

Stunting

Wasting

Under-weight

All three outcomes

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Gender

 Boys

1.30 (1.14–1.49)

<0.0001

1.20 (1.01–1.43)

0.039

1.09 (0.95–1.25)

0.206

1.29 (1.02–1.65)

0.037

 Girls

Ref.

       

Age

  < 6 months

Ref.

       

 6–11 months

1.93 (1.49–2.51)

<0.0001

1.43 (1.03–1.99)

0.033

1.39 (1.06–1.81)

<0.0001

3.17 (1.72–5.85)

<0.0001

 12–23 months

4.93 (3.86–6.30)

<0.0001

1.41 (1.03–1.94)

0.032

2.64 (2.07–3.38)

<0.0001

4.99 (2.79–8.90)

<0.0001

 24–35 months

5.66 (4.45–7.20)

<0.0001

1.93 (1.43–2.60)

0.000

4.30 (3.39–5.47)

<0.0001

4.23 (2.37–7.53)

<0.0001

 36–47 months

6.90 (5.21–9.13)

<0.0001

1.30 (0.91–1.87)

0.151

4.17 (3.16–5.49)

<0.0001

3.96 (2.11–7.43)

<0.0001

 48–59 months

2.99 (2.19–4.10)

<0.0001

1.15 (0.75–1.77)

0.516

2.51 (1.82–3.45)

<0.0001

2.30 (1.09–4.85)

0.029

Mother’s education

 No formal education

0.93 (0.62–1.40)

0.730

0.94 (0.53–1.70)

0.847

0.72 (0.48–1.09)

0.121

0.97 (0.42–2.22)

0.936

 Primary

0.74 (0.47–1.15)

0.180

0.71 (0.37–1.36)

0.300

0.55 (0.35–0.86)

0.010

0.61 (0.23–1.57)

0.302

 Secondary /Higher

Ref.

       

Parity

 1

Ref.

       

 2

1.07 (0.92–1.26)

0.378

1.01 (0.83–1.23)

0.936

1.19 (1.02–1.40)

0.029

0.97 (0.73–1.28)

0.823

 3

1.24 (0.93–1.65)

0.137

1.00 (0.69–1.45)

0.987

1.41 (1.06–1.88)

0.018

1.23 (0.75–2.01)

0.412

  > 4

1.41 (0.81–2.46)

0.221

0.87 (0.40–1.91)

0.733

1.16 (0.65–2.06)

0.623

0.97 (0.33–2.87)

0.961

Family size

 1–5

Ref.

       

 6–10

1.04 (0.90–1.20)

0.594

0.99 (0.82–1.19)

0.883

0.97 (0.84–1.12)

0.663

0.95 (0.74–1.23)

0.725

  > 10

1.02 (0.79–1.33)

0.862

1.16 (0.83–1.62)

0.391

1.00 (0.77–1.30)

0.987

1.13 (0.72–1.80)

0.590

Wealth quintiles

 Lowest

1.49 (1.18–1.88)

0.001

2.33 (1.69–3.21)

<0.0001

2.18 (1.72–2.77)

<0.0001

2.31 (1.47–3.64)

<0.0001

 Second

1.52 (1.20–1.91)

0.000

2.01 (1.45–2.77)

<0.0001

2.11 (1.66–2.68)

<0.0001

2.07 (1.31–3.27)

0.002

 Middle

1.37 (1.09–1.73)

0.006

1.74 (1.26–2.41)

<0.0001

1.73 (1.36–2.19)

<0.0001

1.82 (1.15–2.88)

0.010

 Fourth

1.30 (1.04–1.62)

0.022

1.40 (1.01–1.94)

<0.0001

1.67 (1.32–2.10)

<0.0001

1.45 (0.91–2.31)

0.115

 Highest

Ref.

       

Morbidity

 Diarrhea

1.13 (0.97–1.33)

0.124

1.18 (0.97–1.45)

0.099

1.36 (1.16–1.59)

<0.0001

1.27 (0.97–1.67)

0.084

 ARI

0.99 (0.82–1.19)

0.883

0.94 (0.74–1.19)

0.617

0.98 (0.82–1.19)

0.871

0.84 (0.60–1.17)

0.306