Table 2 Characteristics of 6–12 month old children in the repeated cross-sectional and follow-up study in HS and PHS

 Female

154 (52.0)

125 (43.0)

0.03

137 (51.5)

Age of the child (6–12)

-

 6-8 months

152 (51.4)

71 (24.4)

<0.001

 9–12 months

144 (48.6)

220 (75.6)

 12–15 months

183 (68.8)

 16–18 months

83 (31.2)

Age of the mother

-

 < 20 years

60 (20.6)

32 (11.0)

˂0.01

 20–34 years

202 (69.4)

233 (80.1)

 ≥ 35 years

29 (10.0)

26 (8.9)

Socioeconomic status, n (%)

-

 Low

79 (27.3)

115 (39.9)

0.01

 Medium

106 (36.7)

89 (30.9)

 High

104 (36.0)

84 (29.2)

Under-five children in the HH, n (%)

-

 0–1

79 (26.7)

66 (22.7)

0.26

 ≥ 2

217 (73.3)

225 (77.3)

 Cough^a

44 (14.9)

57 (19.6)

0.13

36 (13.5)

 Fever^a

57 (19.3)

67 (23.0)

0.27

53 (19.9)

 Diarrhea^a

49 (16.7)

70 (24.1)

0.03

67 (25.2)

Source of drinking water for HH, n (%)

-

 Unsafe water source

252 (85.1)

229 (78.7)

0.04

 Improper disposal

117 (39.7)

97 (33.3)

0.11

Maternal schooling, n (%)

-

 No formal schooling

243 (82.1)

246 (84.5)

0.43

LAZ, mean ± SD

−0.77 ± 1.4

−1.0 ± 1.3

0.02

−1.0 ± 1.3

  LAZ < −2

55 (18.6)

61 (21.1)

0.44

55 (20.7)

  LAZ < −3

18 (6.1)

16 (5.5)

0.78

16 (6.0)

WLZ, mean ± SD

−0.63 ± 1.3

−0.75 ± 1.3

0.28

−0.81 ± 1.2

  WLZ < −2

35 (11.8)

45 (15.5)

0.19

51 (19.2)

  WLZ < −3

12 (4.1)

12 (4.1)

0.96

11 (4.1)

WAZ, mean ± SD

−0.96 ± 1.2

−1.1 ± 1.4

0.08

−1.1 ± 1.1

  WAZ < −2

52 (17.6)

75 (25.8)

0.02

49 (18.4)

  WAZ < −3

18 (6.1)

20 (6.9)

13 (4.9)

 Yes

296 (100)

291 (100)

-

253 (95.1)

DDS, median (IQR)

2.0 (1.0, 3.0)

2.0 (2.0, 3.0)

0.17

3.0 (2.0, 4.0)

ICFI, median (IQR)

5.0 (5.0, 7.0)

6.0 (5.0, 7.0)

0.09

-