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Table 1 General characteristics of the sample according to sex-specific categories of dietary glycemic indexa

From: Glycemic index, glycemic load, and metabolic syndrome in Mexican adolescents: a cross-sectional study from the NHNS-2012

Characteristics

Dietary glycemic index b

Female adolescents

Male adolescents

Low

Moderate

High

P value

Low

Moderate

High

P value

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Dietary GI (units)

46.8

0.3

51.0

0.1

56.6

0.4

<0.001

47.6

0.3

51.9

0.1

57.0

0.3

<0.001

Age (years)

15.5

0.2

16.2

0.3

16.0

0.2

0.123

15.4

0.2

16.0

0.2

15.6

0.2

0.185

Socioeconomic status (%)

      

0.549

      

0.117

 Low

30.0

 

25.6

 

30.9

  

27.7

 

32.6

 

31.2

  

 Medium

26.8

 

34.3

 

35.6

  

37.3

 

28.1

 

35.9

  

 High

43.3

 

40.1

 

33.5

  

35.0

 

39.3

 

32.9

  

Geographic region (%)

      

0.186

      

0.515

 North

24.4

 

12.2

 

20.8

  

19.5

 

14.4

 

25.0

  

 Central

25.1

 

25.2

 

35.4

  

31.0

 

28.9

 

31.6

  

 Metropolitan area

24.5

 

30.3

 

15.4

  

14.3

 

19.8

 

12.0

  

 South

26.1

 

32.3

 

28.4

  

35.2

 

37.0

 

31.4

  

Weight status (%)

      

0.379

      

0.001

 Underweight

1.3

 

1.0

 

1.9

  

1.2

 

0.9

 

0.7

  

 Normal

64.2

 

65.9

 

50.9

  

71.8

 

66.3

 

69.7

  

 Overweight

21.3

 

23.4

 

34.5

  

13.1

 

28.0

 

13.3

  

 Obese

13.3

 

9.7

 

12.7

  

13.9

 

4.9

 

16.3

  

Screen time (computer, TV, and video) (%)

     

0.131

      

0.011

  ≤ 2 h/day

29.6

 

43.8

 

28.9

  

33.7

 

39.8

 

29.4

  

 2–4 h/day

35.0

 

29.1

 

45.7

  

29.3

 

39.5

 

37.1

  

  ≥ 4 h/day

34.1

 

25.3

 

24.5

  

36.8

 

17.8

 

33.5

  

 No data available

13

 

1.7

 

1.0

  

0.3

 

2.9

 

0.0

  

Physical activity (%, age 12–14 years)

      

0.174

      

0.034

 Sedentary

76.3

 

77.7

 

57.7

  

51.6

 

40.2

 

55.9

  

 1–2 activities

18.9

 

20.0

 

36.4

  

44.9

 

50.5

 

41.1

  

  ≥ 3 activities

2.1

 

0.5

 

2.4

  

2.7

 

0.6

 

2.5

  

 No data available

2.7

 

1.8

 

3.4

  

0.7

 

8.6

 

0.5

  

Physical activity (%, age 15–19 years)

      

0.239

      

0.131

 Sedentary

28.2

 

29.7

 

26.7

  

17.7

 

17.9

 

14.0

  

 Moderately active

6.1

 

22.2

 

16.7

  

9.4

 

19.8

 

19.4

  

 Active

65.8

 

46.0

 

56.7

  

72.9

 

62.3

 

66.6

  

 No data available

0.0

 

2.1

 

0.0

  

0.0

 

0.0

 

0.0

  

Dietary intake

 Total energy intake (kcal/d)

1795

53

1747

73

1828

58

0.707

2033

53

2121

61

2215

69

0.118

 Carbohydrate intake (g/d)c

246.0

3.3

271.5

4.2

269.7

3.3

<0.001

298.0

3.6

315.8

4.3

311.5

4.1

0.002

 Carbohydrate intake (% energy)

54.9

0.7

61.5

1.2

60.8

0.8

<0.001

55.8

0.7

59.5

0.8

59.1

0.7

<0.001

 Protein intake (g/d)c

58.5

1.0

52.7

1.2

51.9

0.8

<0.001

67.9

1.1

63.8

1.0

60.5

1.2

<0.001

 Protein intake (% energy)

13.2

0.2

11.8

0.3

11.5

0.2

<0.001

13.0

0.2

12.1

0.2

11.4

0.2

<0.001

 Fat intake (g/d)c

67.2

1.1

58.8

1.3

59.1

1.3

<0.001

77.5

1.3

70.5

1.6

69.5

1.5

<0.001

 Fat intake (% energy)

33.9

0.5

28.8

0.9

29.4

0.7

<0.001

33.2

0.5

29.8

0.7

29.6

0.5

<0.001

 MUFA (g/d)c

22.6

0.5

19.7

0.5

20.5

0.6

<0.001

25.9

0.6

23.6

0.5

24.7

0.6

0.020

 PUFA (g/d)c

14.3

0.4

14.1

0.4

14.5

0.4

0.750

17.4

0.4

17.5

0.7

16.8

0.4

0.424

 SFA (g/d)c

25.8

0.5

22.1

0.6

22.7

0.7

<0.001

29.4

0.7

26.2

0.7

26.5

0.7

0.002

 Trans fatty acids (g/d)c

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.054

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.6

0.0

0.692

 Dietary fiber intake (g/d)c

21.6

0.5

22.7

1.3

21.3

0.7

0.683

25.8

0.7

27.0

1.0

22.8

0.8

0.003

 Dietary sugar intake (g/d)

94.1

4.9

109.9

7.2

112.3

4.4

0.021

108.4

4.1

116.2

6.4

134.6

4.4

<0.001

WC (cm)

76.8

1.0

76.8

1.2

78.3

1.4

0.640

77.0

1.5

77.5

1.0

78.7

1.2

0.660

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

116.9

7.5

135.3

9.7

113.5

5.6

0.142

113.2

6.6

113.3

6.6

132.1

9.4

0.212

HDL-c (mg/dL)

45.1

0.8

48.7

2.0

43.0

1.4

0.075

43.3

0.9

41.3

0.9

43.0

0.8

0.231

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

107.1

0.9

108.9

1.1

110.0

1.2

0.169

111.2

1.5

110.9

1.0

113.3

1.0

0.219

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

70.0

0.8

72.0

1.1

73.2

1.0

0.050

70.3

1.1

71.1

0.9

73.3

0.8

0.051

Fasting serum glucose (mg/dL)

80.4

1.0

79.0

1.2

77.6

1.0

0.172

81.3

0.8

80.2

1.3

81.5

1.4

0.733

MetS prevalence (%)d

9.5

 

9.7

 

16.9

 

0.234

6.9

 

3.8

 

8.4

 

0.344

  1. Abbreviations: GI Glycemic index, GL glycemic load, kcal/d kilocalories per day, grams per day (g/d), MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, SFA saturated fatty acids, WC waist circumference, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MetS metabolic syndrome
  2. aValues are expressed as means and standard deviations (SD) for continuous variables, and data from categorical variables are shown as percentages
  3. bCategories based on sex-specific tertiles of dietary GI. cValues were adjusted for energy intake using sex-specific residuals. dThe age-specific International Diabetes Foundation definition of the metabolic syndrome was used [36, 37]
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