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Table 2 General characteristics of the sample according to sex-specific categories of energy-adjusted dietary glycemic loada

From: Glycemic index, glycemic load, and metabolic syndrome in Mexican adolescents: a cross-sectional study from the NHNS-2012

Characteristics

Energy-adjusted dietary glycemic load bc

Female adolescents

Male adolescents

Low

Moderate

High

P value

Low

Moderate

High

P value

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Dietary GLc (units)

110.0

1.3

135.0

0.6

162.9

1.4

<0.001

132.1

1.5

159.9

0.7

192.5

1.4

<0.001

Age (years)

15.9

0.3

15.9

0.2

15.9

0.3

0.998

15.8

0.3

15.9

0.2

15.3

0.2

0.112

Socioeconomic status (%)

      

0.013

      

<0.001

 Low

21.3

 

30.6

 

34.7

  

16.9

 

29.9

 

44.8

  

 Medium

24.9

 

40.4

 

31.4

  

31.3

 

33.2

 

36.7

  

 High

53.8

 

29.0

 

33.9

  

51.8

 

37.0

 

18.5

  

Geographic region (%)

      

0.030

      

0.065

 North

26.8

 

19.3

 

11.3

  

23.2

 

22.7

 

12.9

  

 Central

29.6

 

26.7

 

29.4

  

26.2

 

29.4

 

35.9

  

 Metropolitan area

28.1

 

15.6

 

26.5

  

23.1

 

12.5

 

10.6

  

 South

15.6

 

38.4

 

32.8

  

27.6

 

35.4

 

40.7

  

Weight status (%)

      

0.678

      

0.283

 Underweight

1.3

 

1.8

 

1.2

  

0.7

 

0.9

 

1.1

  

 Normal

63.7

 

55.0

 

62.3

  

72.1

 

61.5

 

74.1

  

 Overweight

20.4

 

31.1

 

27.6

  

15.0

 

24.3

 

15.3

  

 Obese

14.6

 

12.1

 

9.0

  

12.2

 

13.3

 

9.5

  

Screen time (computer, TV, and video) (%)

    

0.868

      

<0.001

  ≤ 2 h/day

35.8

 

32.8

 

33.7

  

35.9

 

27.6

 

39.6

  

 2–4 h/day

32.7

 

37.1

 

40.1

  

23.5

 

47.9

 

34.6

  

  ≥ 4 h/day

31.2

 

28.1

 

24.6

  

40.3

 

24.3

 

23.2

  

 No data available

0.4

 

2.0

 

1.6

  

0.3

 

0.3

 

2.6

  

Physical activity (%, age 12–14 years)

     

0.039

      

0.171

 Sedentary

79.3

 

69.3

 

61.7

  

56.4

 

50.5

 

44.0

  

 1–2 activities

16.6

 

24.3

 

35.6

  

42.3

 

46.6

 

46.5

  

  ≥ 3 activities

3.2

 

0.0

 

2.2

  

0.6

 

2.0

 

3.2

  

 No data available

1.0

 

6.4

 

0.5

  

0.7

 

0.9

 

6.3

  

Physical activity (%, age 15–19 years)

     

0.255

      

0.355

 Sedentary

37.7

 

26.3

 

21.2

  

14.1

 

20.4

 

15.1

  

 Moderately active

11.5

 

12.2

 

22.9

  

8.0

 

23.0

 

19.3

  

 Active

50.8

 

61.5

 

53.7

  

77.9

 

56.6

 

65.7

  

 No data available

0.0

 

0.0

 

2.3

  

0.0

 

0.0

 

0.0

  

Dietary intake

 Total energy intake (kcal/d)

1844

58

1697

59

1828

62

0.190

2169

53

2019

65

2179

60

0.141

 Carbohydrate intake (g/d)c

228.2

2.1

263.0

1.8

296.5

2.3

<0.001

266.1

2.8

308.6

2.0

350.9

2.9

<0.001

 Carbohydrate intake (% energy)

50.8

0.5

59.5

0.4

67.0

0.7

<0.001

50.2

0.5

58.2

0.4

66.1

0.5

<0.001

 Protein intake (g/d)c

61.2

0.8

53.4

0.7

48.5

1.0

<0.001

71.4

1.2

64.1

0.8

56.8

0.9

<0.001

 Protein intake (% energy)

13.8

0.2

12.0

0.2

10.8

0.2

<0.001

13.6

0.2

12.2

0.2

10.7

0.2

<0.001

 Fat intake (g/d)c

73.0

0.9

61.9

0.8

50.1

0.9

<0.001

85.6

1.2

72.8

0.7

59.1

1.1

<0.001

 Fat intake (% energy)

36.9

0.4

30.6

0.4

24.6

0.6

<0.001

36.5

0.5

30.9

0.4

25.1

0.4

<0.001

 MUFA (g/d)c

25.0

0.5

21.0

0.4

16.8

0.4

<0.001

28.8

0.6

25.1

0.3

20.2

0.5

<0.001

 PUFA (g/d)c

14.9

0.4

14.3

0.4

13.8

0.4

0.130

19.0

0.7

16.6

0.3

16.1

0.4

0.002

 SFA (g/d)c

28.6

0.6

23.7

0.4

18.3

0.4

<0.001

32.8

0.6

28.0

0.4

21.3

0.6

<0.001

 Trans fatty acids (g/d)c

0.6

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.4

0.0

<0.001

0.7

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.4

0.0

<0.001

 Dietary fiber intake (g/d)c

18.7

0.7

21.0

0.5

25.9

1.1

<0.001

20.9

0.5

24.6

0.7

30.2

0.9

<0.001

 Dietary sugar intake (g/d)

94.4

6.0

102.5

5.5

119.6

6.2

0.014

111.7

3.9

117.3

5.6

129.9

5.2

0.015

WC (cm)

77.5

1.2

78.1

1.1

76.3

1.4

0.592

78.1

1.5

79.1

1.3

76.0

1.1

0.133

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

117.5

6.6

115.0

8.2

133.3

9.4

0.300

114.0

7.7

121.5

6.9

122.8

8.4

0.711

HDL-c (mg/dL)

47.8

2.0

44.1

1.0

44.9

1.5

0.233

43.0

0.9

41.6

0.8

43.1

0.9

0.302

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

108.2

0.9

108.6

1.0

109.3

1.3

0.794

111.5

1.6

112.0

0.9

111.8

0.9

0.955

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

71.3

0.9

71.3

1.0

72.5

1.1

0.653

70.5

1.1

71.5

0.9

72.7

0.8

0.231

Fasting serum glucose (mg/dL)

80.4

1.2

79.9

1.2

76.7

0.9

0.018

81.4

1.0

81.5

1.4

80.1

1.2

0.620

MetS prevalence (%)d

9.1

 

13.0

 

13.9

 

0.605

8.7

 

5.2

 

5.2

 

0.461

  1. Abbreviations: GI Glycemic index, GL glycemic load, kcal/d kilocalories per day, g/d grams per day, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, SFA saturated fatty acids, WC waist circumference, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MetS metabolic syndrome
  2. aValues are expressed as means and standard deviations (SD) for continuous variables, and data from categorical variables are shown as percentages
  3. bCategories based on sex-specific tertiles of dietary GL. cValues were adjusted for energy intake using sex-specific residuals. dThe age-specific International Diabetes Foundation definition of the metabolic syndrome was used [36, 37]
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