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Table 4 Association between metabolic syndrome and sex-specific categories of energy-adjusted dietary glycemic load

From: Glycemic index, glycemic load, and metabolic syndrome in Mexican adolescents: a cross-sectional study from the NHNS-2012

 

Energy-adjusted dietary glycemic load ab

Female adolescents

Male adolescents

Low

Moderate

High

P trend

Low

Moderate

High

P trend

MetS

 Model 1c OR (95% CI)

1

1.52 (0.56–4.12)

1.64 (0.60–4.49)

0.338

1

0.57 (0.19–1.68)

0.59 (0.20–1.75)

0.364

 Model 2d OR (95% CI)

1

1.48 (0.54–4.04)

1.88 (0.64–5.55)

0.255

1

0.50 (0.15–1.64)

0.55 (0.18–1.67)

0.310

Elevated WC

 Model 1c OR (95% CI)

1

1.19 (0.63–2.25)

1.12 (0.55–2.29)

0.760

1

0.85 (0.40–1.82)

0.93 (0.46–1.89)

0.863

 Model 2d OR (95% CI)

1

1.23 (0.65–2.36)

1.07 (0.52–2.20)

0.848

1

0.85 (0.39–1.84)

0.95 (0.45–2.00)

0.906

Elevated triglycerides

 Model 1c OR (95% CI)

1

0.93 (0.45–1.96)

1.61 (0.72–3.59)

0.240

1

1.11 (0.54–2.27)

1.03 (0.50–2.11)

0.954

 Model 2d OR (95% CI)

1

0.80 (0.38–1.71)

1.03 (0.46–2.29)

0.909

1

0.92 (0.43–1.94)

0.67 (0.30–1.48)

0.300

Low HDL-c

 Model 1c OR (95% CI)

1

1.80 (0.96–3.40)

1.93 (0.96–3.88)

0.074

1

1.31 (0.76–2.25)

0.94 (0.54–1.64)

0.773

 Model 2d OR (95% CI)

1

1.44 (0.78–2.67)

1.73 (0.82–3.64)

0.151

1

1.13 (0.65–1.97)

0.76 (0.41–1.41)

0.351

Abnormal blood pressure

 Model 1c OR (95% CI)

1

1.07 (0.36–3.23)

2.69 (0.93–7.78)

0.073

1

0.66 (0.30–1.42)

1.00 (0.47–2.12)

0.948

 Model 2d OR (95% CI)

1

1.42 (0.42–4.79)

5.67 (1.84–17.46)

0.003

1

0.69 (0.32–1.48)

1.30 (0.56–3.03)

0.538

Elevated fasting serum glucose

 Model 1c OR (95% CI)

1

0.52 (0.13–2.16)

0.42 (0.05–3.68)

0.416

1

1.94 (0.42–8.99)

2.20 (0.46–10.42)

0.313

 Model 2d OR (95% CI)

1

0.52 (0.13–2.11)

0.62 (0.10–3.83)

0.568

1

2.35 (0.45–12.24)

3.43 (0.38–30.80)

0.260

  1. Abbreviations: OR Odds ratio, CI confidence interval, MetS metabolic syndrome, WC waist circumference, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. aCategories based on sex-specific tertiles of dietary GL. bValues were adjusted for energy intake using sex-specific residuals. cModel adjusted for age (years). dMultivariate model adjusted for age (years), socioeconomic level (low, middle, or high), geographic region (north, central, south, or metropolitan area) and dietary fiber intake (continuous, energy-adjusted).