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Table 4 Associations between beverages intake frequencies and coronary heart disease in adults, ages 45–59 y – NHANES 2003–2006

From: Intake of high fructose corn syrup sweetened soft drinks, fruit drinks and apple juice is associated with prevalent coronary heart disease, in U.S. adults, ages 45–59 y

Coronary Heart Diseasec

Multivariable Logistic Regression

Multivariable Logistic Regression

ratio

95% CI

p-value

ratio

95% CI

p-value

 

aOR – adjusted for sex, race, age, BMI, SES, smoking, history of smoking, physical activity, total energy intake, total fruit and vegetable intake, hypertension, health insurance coverage

bOR – further adjusted for pre-diabetes, diabetes, glycated hemoglobin (A1C)

tEFFd (ndSoda, FD, AJ)

n = 1230

n = 1209

apprx ≤3 times /mo

Reference -------

  

Reference -------

  

apprx 1–4 times /wk

1.64

0.79–3.43

0.152

1.91

0.91–4.03

0.087

5 times or more /wk.

2.34

1.01–5.40

0.047

2.82

1.16–6.84

0.023

 

aOR

bOR

Non-diet soft drinks

n=1228

n = 1207

n = 1207

 

apprx ≤3 times /mo

Reference -------

  

Reference -------

  

apprx 1–4 times /wk

0.98

0.48–1.99

0.949

1.12

0.48–2.99

0.746

5 times or more /wk.

2.01

1.01–4.00

0.048

2.18

1.12–4.23

0.023

 

aOR

bOR

Diet soda

n = 1153

  

n = 1132

  

apprx ≤3 times /mo

Reference -------

  

Reference -------

  

apprx 1–4 times /wk

0.49

0.18–1.31

0.149

0.39

0.12–1.31

0.125

5 times or more /wk.

0.79

0.36–1.74

0.541

0.56

0.23–1.38

0.197

 

aOR

bOR

Diet fruit drinks

n = 881

  

n = 867

  

apprx ≤3 times /mo

Reference -------

  

Reference -------

  

apprx 1–4 times /wk

0.18

0.02–1.46

0.105

0.15

0.02–1.36

0.089

5 times or more /wk.

0.96

0.31–2.97

0.943

0.09

0.19–1.95

0.392

 

aOR

bOR

Orange juice

n = 1230

  

n = 1207

  

apprx ≤3 times /mo

Reference -------

  

Reference -------

  

apprx 1–4 times /wk

0.53

0.25–1.10

0.087

0.45

0.26–0.77

0.005

5 times or more /wk.

1.10

0.45–2.71

0.823

0.96

0.36–2.52

0.925

  1. aOdds Ratio (OR) – adjusted for sex, race, age, BMI, SES, smoking, history of smoking, diabetes, glycated hemoglobin (A1C), physical activity, total energy intake, total fruit and vegetable intake, hypertension, health insurance coverage; bOdds Ratio (OR) – further adjusted for pre-diabetes. cCoronary heart disease (CHD) is defined as self-reported current or history of doctor diagnosed CHD and/or angina pectoris [36]. dtEFF refers to total excess free fructose beverages intake which includes any combination of high excess free fructose beverages for the NHANES period of 2003–2006 [35, 36], including average daily intake of caffeinated and caffeine-free non-diet soft drinks (ndSoda); non-diet fruit drinks (FD); and naturally high excess free fructose apple juice (AJ) [35, 36]. In 2003–2006 [the NHANES study period], high fructose corn syrup was the main sweetener in US soft drinks [31]. Odds ratios were considered statistically significant if the 95% confidence intervals did not include 1 and values were <0.05, as indicated by italics