An examination of whether associations exist between maternal and neonatal 25OHD and infant size and adiposity at birth, 6–9 months and 2–2.5 years of age – a longitudinal observational study from the ROLO study

BMC Nutrition

Table 3 Associations between early and late pregnancy and cord 25OHD and offspring size and adiposity- adjusted analysis

Variable	B	SEB	P	R²	F	p
Early pregnancy 25OHD (nmol/L)
Birthweight (g)	−4.16	1.42	0.004	0.20	7.623	<0.001
Birth length (cm)	−0.02	0.01	0.023	0.20	6.639	<0.001
^aBirth length (cm)	−0.01	0.01	0.123	0.29	9.512	<0.001
2–2.5 year weight for age z score	−0.11	0.00	<0.001	0.12	4.291	<0.001
Late pregnancy 25OHD (nmol/L)
Birthweight (g)	−2.51	1.34	0.063	0.18	6.729	<0.001
Birth length (cm)	−0.02	0.01	0.028	0.15	5.142	<0.001
^aBirth length (cm)	−0.01	0.01	0.117	0.29	9.650	<0.001
Neonatal 25OHD (nmol/L)
Birthweight(g)	−5.92	1.20	<0.001	0.29	10.198	<0.001
Birth length (cm)	−0.02	0.01	0.006	0.20	5.180	<0.001
^aBirth length (cm)	−0.01	0.01	0.244	0.32	9.074	<0.001
Birth subscapular SFT (mm)	−0.02	0.01	<0.001	0.24	3.534	0.001
Birth sum of all SFT (mm)	−0.08	0.02	0.001	0.12	2.093	0.043
Birth sum of subscapular and triceps SFT (mm)	−0.04	0.01	<0.001	0.16	2.501	0.016

SFT skinfold thickness, R ² adjusted coefficient of multiple determination. Multiple linear regression models for dependent variables at birth were adjusted for season of pregnancy, maternal education, maternal BMI in early pregnancy, any supplement use during pregnancy, maternal smoking, offspring gender and gestational age. ^aThe association between birth length and 25OHD also controlled for birthweight. Multiple linear regression models for dependent variables at 6–9 months and 2–2.5 years were adjusted for season of pregnancy, maternal education, any supplement use during pregnancy, maternal smoking, offspring gender and age at assessment (weeks), and duration of breastfeeding