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Table 3 Sociodemographic characteristics, health outcomes, and nutrient intake by PCA-derived dietary pattern tertile for Guatemalan women. INCAP Nutrition Supplementation Trial Longitudinal Cohort, 2002–2004 (n = 747)

From: Dietary patterns and cardio-metabolic risk in a population of Guatemalan young adults

 

Meat-based modern

Starch-based modern

Traditional

 

n

T1

T2

T3

P-trendh

T1

T2

T3

P-trendh

T1

T2

T3

P-trendh

Participants, n

747

252

247

248

 

252

247

248

 

251

246

250

 

Mean factor score

747

−0.9 (0.2)

−0.5 (0.1)

0.3 (0.7)

 

−0.9 (0.2)

−0.2 (0.2)

1.0 (0.8)

 

−1.1 (0.4)

−0.3 (0.1)

0.6 (0.6)

 

Age, y

747

33.4 (4.1)

32.6 (4.2)

32.8 (4.4)

0.1

32.7 (4.3)

32.7 (4.0)

33.3 (4.0)

0.1

32.0

(4.1)

33.0 (4.3)

32.7 (4.3)

0.5

SES tertile

747

   

0.001

   

0.6

   

0.6

Poorest

 

28.9

34.4

41.5

 

32.9

34.0

37.9

 

32.2

35.7

36.8

 

Middle

 

23.8

29.7

22.9

 

27.7

25.9

20.9

 

27.4

24.8

22.4

 

Richest

 

47.2

37.6

35.4

 

39.2

40.0

41.1

 

40.2

39.4

40.8

 

Urban, %

747

28.5

29.9

29.8

0.7

25.4

30.7

32.2

0.09

44.6

26.4

17.2

<0.001

Current smoking, %

692

0.8

1.3

3.0

0.06i

2.1

2.1

0.8

0.2i

1.7

1.3

2.1

0.7i

Low physical activitya, %

747

97.2

97.9

95.5

0.2

98.0

95.1

97.5

0.7

96.4

98.3

96.0

0.7

Vitamin use, %

695

17.8

20.4

23.5

0.1

17.4

18.4

25.7

0.02

22.6

18.3

20.7

0.6

BMI (kg/m2)

683

26.8 (4.8)

26.8 (4.4)

26.9 (5.0)

0.6

27.1 (5.1)

26.9 (4.5)

26.7 (4.6)

0.4

26.4 (4.8)

27.0 (4.5)

27.3 (4.9)

0.04

Overweightb, %

683

59.3

61.7

65.6

0.1

60.7

63.4

62.3

0.7

58.5

64.2

63.7

0.2

Abdominal obesityc, %

683

61.5

63.0

62.0

0.9

63.0

61.3

62.3

0.8

55.9

66.5

64.2

0.06

Elevated triglyceridesd, %

647

52.8

51.6

49.7

0.5

51.6

49.3

53.4

0.7

48.8

53.8

51.8

0.5

Low HDL-ce

647

82.6

87.2

87.2

0.1

84.8

85.3

86.6

0.5

82.4

86.5

87.8

0.1

Dysglycemiaf

726

16.2

21.9

20.0

0.2

18.5

18.6

21.1

0.4

16.8

23.0

18.5

0.6

Metabolic Syndromeg

747

38.1

38.0

36.2

0.6

35.3

37.2

39.9

0.2

32.2

41.0

39.2

0.1

Dietary Intakes

             

Total energy (kcal/day)

747

1864 (584)

2243 (582)

2646 (715)

<0.001

1813 (542)

2220 (559)

2722 (689)

<0.001

2010 (668)

2144 (591)

2593 (717)

<0.001

Carbohydrate (% of total energy)

747

71.7 (5.6)

68.9 (4.9)

65.8 (5.2)

<0.001

71.3 (5.3)

68.9 (5.2)

66.3 (5.7)

<0.001

66.1 (6.0)

69.2 (4.8)

71.3 (5.1)

<0.001

Protein (% of total energy)

747

12.1 (1.7)

12.1 (1.7)

12.4 (1.7)

0.05

12.0 (1.4)

12.2 (1.6)

12.6 (2.0)

<0.001

12.6 (2.1)

12.1 (1.5)

12.1 (1.3)

0.03

Fat (% of total energy)

747

16.0 (4.7)

18.7 (4.1)

21.6 (4.4)

<0.001

16.5 (4.9)

18.7 (4.3)

20.9 (4.6)

<0.001

21.2 (4.8)

18.6 (4.2)

16.4 (4.6)

<0.001

Cholesterol (mg/day)

747

194.3 (141.3)

274.6 (138.7)

367.8 (217.7)

<0.001

186.6 (135.8)

267.7 (159.0)

382.5 (196.5)

<0.001

246.4 (151.6)

284.0 (177.9)

305.2 (212.8)

0.002

Fiber (g/day)

747

25.3 (8.7)

28.3 (8.6)

30.8 (10.3)

<0.001

24.5 (8.0)

27.6 (8.8)

32.2 (10.0)

<0.001

23.5 (7.8)

26.8 (7.1)

33.9 (10.2)

<0.001

Iron (mg/day)

747

11.5 (5.3)

12.9 (4.5)

15.2 (5.3)

<0.001

9.5 (3.2)

12.7 (3.8)

17.4 (5.2)

<0.001

12.2 (4.9)

12.2 (4.9)

15.1 (5.5)

<0.001

Vitamin C

 

289.7 (217.5)

268.6 (186.4)

286.6 (183.7)

0.5

151.2 (105.6)

277.7 (146.3)

418.4 (218.8)

<0.001

291.9 (195.7)

258.2 (173.5)

294.5 (216.4)

0.7

  1. Values presented are mean (SD) or percent
  2. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, HDL-c high density lipoprotein cholesterol, INCAP Institute of Nutrition for Central America and Panama, NCEP ATP III National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III, PCA principal component analysis; SES, socioeconomic status, T tertile
  3. aLow physical activity defined as 24-h average physical activity <1.7 MET/h
  4. bOverweight defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m2
  5. cAbdominal obesity defined as waist circumference ≥ 88 cm
  6. dElevated triglycerides defined as ≥150 mg/dL or medication
  7. eLow HDL-c defined as HDL-c < 50 mg/dL
  8. fDysglycemia defined as impaired fasting glucose (fasting plasma glucose 100–125 mg/dL) or diabetes (self-report, fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL, and/or use of diabetes medication)
  9. gMetabolic syndrome defined according to 2005 NCEP ATP III diagnostic criteria based on presence ≥3 of the following: abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥ 88 cm); fasting plasma glucose ≥100 mg/dL or medication; triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL or medication; HDL-c < 50 mg/dL); blood pressure > 130 mmHg systolic, >85 mmHg diastolic and/or medication use
  10. hP for trend was calculated using Spearman correlation (continuous) and Mantel-Haenszel Chi-square tests (categorical variables)
  11. iExpected cell count <5