From: Dietary patterns and cardio-metabolic risk in a population of Guatemalan young adults
 | Meat-based modern | Starch-based modern | Traditional | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | n | T1 | T2 | T3 | P-trendh | T1 | T2 | T3 | P-trendh | T1 | T2 | T3 | P-trendh |
Participants, n | 747 | 252 | 247 | 248 | Â | 252 | 247 | 248 | Â | 251 | 246 | 250 | Â |
Mean factor score | 747 | −0.9 (0.2) | −0.5 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.7) |  | −0.9 (0.2) | −0.2 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.8) |  | −1.1 (0.4) | −0.3 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.6) |  |
Age, y | 747 | 33.4 (4.1) | 32.6 (4.2) | 32.8 (4.4) | 0.1 | 32.7 (4.3) | 32.7 (4.0) | 33.3 (4.0) | 0.1 | 32.0 (4.1) | 33.0 (4.3) | 32.7 (4.3) | 0.5 |
SES tertile | 747 | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | 0.6 | Â | Â | Â | 0.6 |
Poorest | Â | 28.9 | 34.4 | 41.5 | Â | 32.9 | 34.0 | 37.9 | Â | 32.2 | 35.7 | 36.8 | Â |
Middle | Â | 23.8 | 29.7 | 22.9 | Â | 27.7 | 25.9 | 20.9 | Â | 27.4 | 24.8 | 22.4 | Â |
Richest | Â | 47.2 | 37.6 | 35.4 | Â | 39.2 | 40.0 | 41.1 | Â | 40.2 | 39.4 | 40.8 | Â |
Urban, % | 747 | 28.5 | 29.9 | 29.8 | 0.7 | 25.4 | 30.7 | 32.2 | 0.09 | 44.6 | 26.4 | 17.2 | <0.001 |
Current smoking, % | 692 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 3.0 | 0.06i | 2.1 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 0.2i | 1.7 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 0.7i |
Low physical activitya, % | 747 | 97.2 | 97.9 | 95.5 | 0.2 | 98.0 | 95.1 | 97.5 | 0.7 | 96.4 | 98.3 | 96.0 | 0.7 |
Vitamin use, % | 695 | 17.8 | 20.4 | 23.5 | 0.1 | 17.4 | 18.4 | 25.7 | 0.02 | 22.6 | 18.3 | 20.7 | 0.6 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 683 | 26.8 (4.8) | 26.8 (4.4) | 26.9 (5.0) | 0.6 | 27.1 (5.1) | 26.9 (4.5) | 26.7 (4.6) | 0.4 | 26.4 (4.8) | 27.0 (4.5) | 27.3 (4.9) | 0.04 |
Overweightb, % | 683 | 59.3 | 61.7 | 65.6 | 0.1 | 60.7 | 63.4 | 62.3 | 0.7 | 58.5 | 64.2 | 63.7 | 0.2 |
Abdominal obesityc, % | 683 | 61.5 | 63.0 | 62.0 | 0.9 | 63.0 | 61.3 | 62.3 | 0.8 | 55.9 | 66.5 | 64.2 | 0.06 |
Elevated triglyceridesd, % | 647 | 52.8 | 51.6 | 49.7 | 0.5 | 51.6 | 49.3 | 53.4 | 0.7 | 48.8 | 53.8 | 51.8 | 0.5 |
Low HDL-ce | 647 | 82.6 | 87.2 | 87.2 | 0.1 | 84.8 | 85.3 | 86.6 | 0.5 | 82.4 | 86.5 | 87.8 | 0.1 |
Dysglycemiaf | 726 | 16.2 | 21.9 | 20.0 | 0.2 | 18.5 | 18.6 | 21.1 | 0.4 | 16.8 | 23.0 | 18.5 | 0.6 |
Metabolic Syndromeg | 747 | 38.1 | 38.0 | 36.2 | 0.6 | 35.3 | 37.2 | 39.9 | 0.2 | 32.2 | 41.0 | 39.2 | 0.1 |
Dietary Intakes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Total energy (kcal/day) | 747 | 1864 (584) | 2243 (582) | 2646 (715) | <0.001 | 1813 (542) | 2220 (559) | 2722 (689) | <0.001 | 2010 (668) | 2144 (591) | 2593 (717) | <0.001 |
Carbohydrate (% of total energy) | 747 | 71.7 (5.6) | 68.9 (4.9) | 65.8 (5.2) | <0.001 | 71.3 (5.3) | 68.9 (5.2) | 66.3 (5.7) | <0.001 | 66.1 (6.0) | 69.2 (4.8) | 71.3 (5.1) | <0.001 |
Protein (% of total energy) | 747 | 12.1 (1.7) | 12.1 (1.7) | 12.4 (1.7) | 0.05 | 12.0 (1.4) | 12.2 (1.6) | 12.6 (2.0) | <0.001 | 12.6 (2.1) | 12.1 (1.5) | 12.1 (1.3) | 0.03 |
Fat (% of total energy) | 747 | 16.0 (4.7) | 18.7 (4.1) | 21.6 (4.4) | <0.001 | 16.5 (4.9) | 18.7 (4.3) | 20.9 (4.6) | <0.001 | 21.2 (4.8) | 18.6 (4.2) | 16.4 (4.6) | <0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) | 747 | 194.3 (141.3) | 274.6 (138.7) | 367.8 (217.7) | <0.001 | 186.6 (135.8) | 267.7 (159.0) | 382.5 (196.5) | <0.001 | 246.4 (151.6) | 284.0 (177.9) | 305.2 (212.8) | 0.002 |
Fiber (g/day) | 747 | 25.3 (8.7) | 28.3 (8.6) | 30.8 (10.3) | <0.001 | 24.5 (8.0) | 27.6 (8.8) | 32.2 (10.0) | <0.001 | 23.5 (7.8) | 26.8 (7.1) | 33.9 (10.2) | <0.001 |
Iron (mg/day) | 747 | 11.5 (5.3) | 12.9 (4.5) | 15.2 (5.3) | <0.001 | 9.5 (3.2) | 12.7 (3.8) | 17.4 (5.2) | <0.001 | 12.2 (4.9) | 12.2 (4.9) | 15.1 (5.5) | <0.001 |
Vitamin C | Â | 289.7 (217.5) | 268.6 (186.4) | 286.6 (183.7) | 0.5 | 151.2 (105.6) | 277.7 (146.3) | 418.4 (218.8) | <0.001 | 291.9 (195.7) | 258.2 (173.5) | 294.5 (216.4) | 0.7 |