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Table 4 Sociodemographic characteristics, health outcomes, and nutrient intake by PCA-derived dietary pattern tertile for Guatemalan men. INCAP Nutrition Supplementation Trial Longitudinal Cohort, 2002–2004 (n = 681)

From: Dietary patterns and cardio-metabolic risk in a population of Guatemalan young adults

  

Meat-based modern

Starch-based modern

Traditional

 

n

T1

T2

T3

P-trendh

T1

T2

T3

P-trendh

T1

T2

T3

P-trendh

Participants, n

681

227

228

226

 

226

228

227

 

227

227

227

 

Mean factor score

681

−0.5 (0.3)

0.2 (0.2)

1.6 (0.9)

 

−0.9 (0.4)

−0.06 (0.2)

1.2 (0.7)

 

−0.7 (0.6)

0.2 (0.2)

1.4 (0.6)

 

Age, y

681

33.1 (4.2)

32.7 (4.3)

31.7 (3.9)

0.002

32.5 (4.3)

32.5 (4.1)

32.5 (4.2)

0.9

32.8 (4.4)

32.2 (4.1)

32.5 (4.0)

0.7

SES tertile

681

   

0.7

   

0.6

   

0.05

 Poorest

 

36.5

31.1

33.6

 

32.7

30.2

38.3

 

28.6

37.0

35.6

 

 Middle

 

26.8

30.7

30.0

 

33.6

27.6

26.4

 

29.9

26.4

31.2

 

 Richest

 

36.5

38.1

36.2

 

33.6

42.1

35.2

 

41.4

36.5

33.0

 

Urban, %

680

26.9

20.6

19.9

0.07

22.1

21.5

23.7

0.6

29.5

21.6

16.3

<0.001

Current smoking, %

554

32.1

43.8

48.3

0.001

46.8

36.6

40.4

0.2

36.2

41.0

46.5

0.04

Low physical activitya, %

681

61.2

56.5

53.5

0.09

49.1

58.7

63.4

0.002

66.9

56.8

47.5

<0.001

Vitamin use, %

554

24.2

21.6

26.0

0.6

15.9

24.0

32.2

<0.001

28.5

21.6

21.9

0.1

BMI (kg/m2)

589

24.5 (3.6)

24.5 (3.5)

24.7 (3.6)

0.5

24.3 (3.5)

24.5 (3.5)

25.0 (3.6)

0.02

25.0 (3.8)

24.8 (3.5)

24.1 (3.3)

0.003

Overweightb, %

589

38.9

41.6

42.3

0.4

38.2

37.5

47.1

0.07

46.7

42.6

34.1

0.01

Abdominal obesityc, %

589

4.9

6.6

6.3

0.5

6.1

4.5

7.2

0.6

7.0

6.0

4.8

0.3

Elevated triglyceridesd, %

456

53.0

58.1

52.7

0.9

52.9

49.3

61.7

0.1

58.3

52.3

53.0

0.3

Low HDL-ce, %

456

74.3

76.3

72.2

0.6

68.3

78.2

76.5

0.1

82.6

70.2

69.8

0.009

Dysglycemiaf, %

456

15.1

14.6

15.2

0.9

14.4

14.8

15.8

0.6

17.7

13.3

14.0

0.2

Metabolic syndromeg, %

681

14.5

15.7

14.6

0.9

15.9

14.4

14.5

0.6

18.0

12.7

14.1

0.2

Dietary Intakes

             

Total energy (kcal/day)

681

2626 (676)

3059 (760)

3627 (839)

<0.001

2578 (733)

3064 (690)

3666 (796)

<0.001

2775 (862)

2945 (717)

3590 (784)

<0.001

Carbohydrate (% of total energy)

681

72.2

(4.5)

69.6 (4.4)

67.3 (5.4)

<0.001

71.2 (5.1)

70.0 (4.4)

67.9 (5.5)

<0.001

67.5 (5.1)

70.2 (4.9)

71.3 (4.9)

<0.001

Protein (% of total energy)

681

11.6

(1.6)

11.9 (1.4)

12.1 (1.6)

<0.001

11.6 (1.4)

11.8

(1.4)

12.3 (1.7)

<0.001

12.1 (1.6)

11.6 (1.5)

11.9 (1.5)

0.4

Fat (% of total energy)

681

16.0

(3.9)

18.4 (3.7)

20.5 (4.5)

<0.001

17.1 (4.6)

18.1 (3.8)

19.7 (4.5)

<0.001

20.2 (4.2)

18.0 (4.0)

16.6 (4.4)

<0.001

Cholesterol (mg/day)

681

280.9 (157.6)

396.8 (201.6)

501.6 (236.2)

<0.001

294.6 (174.3)

383.8 (195.6)

500.0 (236.0)

<0.001

365.9 (204.5)

361.5 (199.8)

451.3 (242.3)

<0.001

Fiber (g/day)

681

36.2 (11.6)

39.1 (13.0)

43.0 (13.1)

<0.001

33.5 (10.1)

39.3 (11.4)

45.4 (13.9)

<0.001

32.3 (10.6)

37.9 (9.8)

48.1 (12.7)

<0.001

Iron (mg/day)

681

14.6

(5.2)

17.1 (6.3)

19.8 (6.3)

<0.001

12.9 (4.7)

16.7 (4.3)

21.8 (6.3)

<0.001

15.7 (6.0)

15.7 (5.7)

20.0 (6.3)

<0.001

Vitamin C (mg/day)

681

352.5 (289.7)

362.2 (266.0)

352.0 (232.6)

0.6

191.2 (125.6)

351.2 (177.3)

523.7 (325.9)

<0.001

327.5 (212.1)

328.2 (215.0)

411.0 (336.2)

0.01

  1. Values presented are mean (SD) or percent
  2. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, HDL-c high density lipoprotein cholesterol, INCAP Institute of Nutrition for Central America and Panama, NCEP ATP III National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III, PCA principal component analysis, SES socioeconomic status, T tertile
  3. aLow physical activity defined as 24-h average physical activity <1.7 MET/h
  4. bOverweight defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m2
  5. cAbdominal obesity defined as waist circumference ≥ 102 cm
  6. dElevated triglycerides defined as ≥150 mg/dL or medication
  7. eLow HDL-c defined as HDL-c < 40 mg/dL
  8. fDysglycemia defined as impaired fasting glucose (fasting plasma glucose 100–125 mg/dL) or diabetes (self-report, fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL, and/or use of diabetes medication)
  9. gMetabolic syndrome defined according to 2005 NCEP ATP III diagnostic criteria based on presence ≥3 of the following: abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥ 88 cm); fasting plasma glucose ≥100 mg/dL or medication; triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL or medication; HDL-c < 50 mg/dL); blood pressure > 130 mmHg systolic, >85 mmHg diastolic and/or medication use
  10. hP for trend was calculated using Spearman correlation (continuous) and Mantel- Haenszel Chi-square tests (categorical variables)