From: Dietary patterns and cardio-metabolic risk in a population of Guatemalan young adults
 |  | Meat-based modern | Starch-based modern | Traditional | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | n | T1 | T2 | T3 | P-trendh | T1 | T2 | T3 | P-trendh | T1 | T2 | T3 | P-trendh |
Participants, n | 681 | 227 | 228 | 226 | Â | 226 | 228 | 227 | Â | 227 | 227 | 227 | Â |
Mean factor score | 681 | −0.5 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.9) |  | −0.9 (0.4) | −0.06 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.7) |  | −0.7 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.6) |  |
Age, y | 681 | 33.1 (4.2) | 32.7 (4.3) | 31.7 (3.9) | 0.002 | 32.5 (4.3) | 32.5 (4.1) | 32.5 (4.2) | 0.9 | 32.8 (4.4) | 32.2 (4.1) | 32.5 (4.0) | 0.7 |
SES tertile | 681 | Â | Â | Â | 0.7 | Â | Â | Â | 0.6 | Â | Â | Â | 0.05 |
 Poorest |  | 36.5 | 31.1 | 33.6 |  | 32.7 | 30.2 | 38.3 |  | 28.6 | 37.0 | 35.6 |  |
 Middle |  | 26.8 | 30.7 | 30.0 |  | 33.6 | 27.6 | 26.4 |  | 29.9 | 26.4 | 31.2 |  |
 Richest |  | 36.5 | 38.1 | 36.2 |  | 33.6 | 42.1 | 35.2 |  | 41.4 | 36.5 | 33.0 |  |
Urban, % | 680 | 26.9 | 20.6 | 19.9 | 0.07 | 22.1 | 21.5 | 23.7 | 0.6 | 29.5 | 21.6 | 16.3 | <0.001 |
Current smoking, % | 554 | 32.1 | 43.8 | 48.3 | 0.001 | 46.8 | 36.6 | 40.4 | 0.2 | 36.2 | 41.0 | 46.5 | 0.04 |
Low physical activitya, % | 681 | 61.2 | 56.5 | 53.5 | 0.09 | 49.1 | 58.7 | 63.4 | 0.002 | 66.9 | 56.8 | 47.5 | <0.001 |
Vitamin use, % | 554 | 24.2 | 21.6 | 26.0 | 0.6 | 15.9 | 24.0 | 32.2 | <0.001 | 28.5 | 21.6 | 21.9 | 0.1 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 589 | 24.5 (3.6) | 24.5 (3.5) | 24.7 (3.6) | 0.5 | 24.3 (3.5) | 24.5 (3.5) | 25.0 (3.6) | 0.02 | 25.0 (3.8) | 24.8 (3.5) | 24.1 (3.3) | 0.003 |
Overweightb, % | 589 | 38.9 | 41.6 | 42.3 | 0.4 | 38.2 | 37.5 | 47.1 | 0.07 | 46.7 | 42.6 | 34.1 | 0.01 |
Abdominal obesityc, % | 589 | 4.9 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 0.5 | 6.1 | 4.5 | 7.2 | 0.6 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 4.8 | 0.3 |
Elevated triglyceridesd, % | 456 | 53.0 | 58.1 | 52.7 | 0.9 | 52.9 | 49.3 | 61.7 | 0.1 | 58.3 | 52.3 | 53.0 | 0.3 |
Low HDL-ce, % | 456 | 74.3 | 76.3 | 72.2 | 0.6 | 68.3 | 78.2 | 76.5 | 0.1 | 82.6 | 70.2 | 69.8 | 0.009 |
Dysglycemiaf, % | 456 | 15.1 | 14.6 | 15.2 | 0.9 | 14.4 | 14.8 | 15.8 | 0.6 | 17.7 | 13.3 | 14.0 | 0.2 |
Metabolic syndromeg, % | 681 | 14.5 | 15.7 | 14.6 | 0.9 | 15.9 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 0.6 | 18.0 | 12.7 | 14.1 | 0.2 |
Dietary Intakes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Total energy (kcal/day) | 681 | 2626 (676) | 3059 (760) | 3627 (839) | <0.001 | 2578 (733) | 3064 (690) | 3666 (796) | <0.001 | 2775 (862) | 2945 (717) | 3590 (784) | <0.001 |
Carbohydrate (% of total energy) | 681 | 72.2 (4.5) | 69.6 (4.4) | 67.3 (5.4) | <0.001 | 71.2 (5.1) | 70.0 (4.4) | 67.9 (5.5) | <0.001 | 67.5 (5.1) | 70.2 (4.9) | 71.3 (4.9) | <0.001 |
Protein (% of total energy) | 681 | 11.6 (1.6) | 11.9 (1.4) | 12.1 (1.6) | <0.001 | 11.6 (1.4) | 11.8 (1.4) | 12.3 (1.7) | <0.001 | 12.1 (1.6) | 11.6 (1.5) | 11.9 (1.5) | 0.4 |
Fat (% of total energy) | 681 | 16.0 (3.9) | 18.4 (3.7) | 20.5 (4.5) | <0.001 | 17.1 (4.6) | 18.1 (3.8) | 19.7 (4.5) | <0.001 | 20.2 (4.2) | 18.0 (4.0) | 16.6 (4.4) | <0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) | 681 | 280.9 (157.6) | 396.8 (201.6) | 501.6 (236.2) | <0.001 | 294.6 (174.3) | 383.8 (195.6) | 500.0 (236.0) | <0.001 | 365.9 (204.5) | 361.5 (199.8) | 451.3 (242.3) | <0.001 |
Fiber (g/day) | 681 | 36.2 (11.6) | 39.1 (13.0) | 43.0 (13.1) | <0.001 | 33.5 (10.1) | 39.3 (11.4) | 45.4 (13.9) | <0.001 | 32.3 (10.6) | 37.9 (9.8) | 48.1 (12.7) | <0.001 |
Iron (mg/day) | 681 | 14.6 (5.2) | 17.1 (6.3) | 19.8 (6.3) | <0.001 | 12.9 (4.7) | 16.7 (4.3) | 21.8 (6.3) | <0.001 | 15.7 (6.0) | 15.7 (5.7) | 20.0 (6.3) | <0.001 |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | 681 | 352.5 (289.7) | 362.2 (266.0) | 352.0 (232.6) | 0.6 | 191.2 (125.6) | 351.2 (177.3) | 523.7 (325.9) | <0.001 | 327.5 (212.1) | 328.2 (215.0) | 411.0 (336.2) | 0.01 |