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Table 4 Dietary intake and physical activity between eating frequency groupsa,b

From: Decreased eating frequency linked to increased visceral adipose tissue, body fat, and BMI in Hispanic college freshmen

 

All Infrequent Eaters (n = 45)

All Frequent Eaters (n = 47)

p value

Male Infrequent Eaters (n = 24)

Male Frequent Eaters (n = 21)

p value

Female Infrequent Eaters (n = 21)

Female Frequent Eaters (n = 26)

p value

Eating occasions per dayc

2.5 ± 0.2

4.5 ± 0.8

≤0.01

2.5 ± 0.2

4.4 ± 0.9

≤0.01

2.5 ± 0.2

4.5 ± 0.7

≤0.01

Energy per eating occasion (kcal)c

670.9 ± 254.2

494.6 ± 195.1

≤0.01

781.9 ± 286.2

639.2 ± 187.9

0.06

544.2 ± 127.6

377.8 ± 100.5

≤0.01

Energy (kcal/day) c

1714.8 ± 542.7

2159.5 ± 819.7

≤0.01

1992 ± 561.4

2750.1 ± 797.1

≤0.01

1397.6 ± 296.0

1682.5 ± 445.4

0.02

Total fat (g/day) d

70.0 ± 26.4

81.4 ± 35.0

0.04

81.5 ± 28.1

105.2 ± 30.9

0.02

56.7 ± 17.1

62.2 ± 25.3

0.85

Total protein (g/day) d

71.8 ± 25.9

93.2 ± 51.4

≤0.01

81.0 ± 27.4

105.2 ± 30.9

≤0.01

61.3 ± 19.8

65.6 ± 20.9

0.15

Total carbohydrates (g/day) d

202.2 ± 69.4

271.1 ± 102.6

≤0.01

236.0 ± 67.1

334.3 ± 115.3

≤0.01

163.5 ± 49.6

220.0 ± 51.6

≤0.01

Total saturated fat (g/day) d

21.1 ± 8.7

26.1 ± 13.1

0.02

24.8 ± 9.3

33.9 ± 13.4

0.02

17.1 ± 5.7

19.9 ± 9.0

0.64

Total sugars (g/day) d

77.8 ± 35.0

112.1 ± 60.9

≤0.01

88.2 ± 37.3

128.9 ± 80.3

0.10

65.9 ± 28.8

98.5 ± 35.4

≤0.01

Added sugars (g/day) d

60.7 ± 36.5

75.6 ± 52.9

0.14

70.6 ± 39.3

89.0 ± 68.9

0.75

49.4 ± 30.1

64.7 ± 33.0

0.14

Dietary fiber (g/day) d

13.5 ± 5.7

20.0 ± 7.8

≤0.01

15.4 ± 5.9

23.0 ± 9.1

≤0.01

11.4 ± 4.7

17.7 ± 5.7

0.02

Insoluble fiber (g/day) d

9.1 ± 4.3

13.5 ± 5.7

≤0.01

10.2 ± 4.6

15.6 ± 6.7

≤0.01

7.8 ± 3.7

11.8 ± 4.1

0.04

Soluble fiber (g/day) d

4.4 ± 1.6

6.4 ± 2.5

≤0.01

5.2 ± 1.5

7.2 ± 2.8

≤0.01

3.6 ± 1.3

5.7 ± 2.0

0.02

Min per day in MVPA e

63.5 ± 27.0

70.8 ± 26.8

0.29

68.0 ± 31.7

71.4 ± 27.2

0.72

58.5 ± 20.0

70.2 ± 27.0

0.15

Percent wear time in MVPA (%)e

8.3 ± 3.7

9.0 ± 3.1

0.50

9.0 ± 4.6

8.9 ± 2.6

0.95

7.7 ± 2.4

9.1 ± 3.5

0.17

Min per day in LPAe

96.8 ± 32.0

104.2 ± 32.7

0.16

94.4 ± 37.2

111.9 ± 34.5

0.16

99.5 ± 25.6

98.0 ± 30.3

0.75

Percent wear time in LPA (%)e

12.5 ± 3.5

13.3 ± 3.5

0.20

12.0 ± 3.9

14.1 ± 4.0

0.13

13.1 ± 3.0

12.5 ± 3.1

0.94

Min per day in SEDe

607.1 ± 95.8

606.5 ± 65.7

0.93

612.0 ± 108.0

607.8 ± 63.9

0.96

607.1 ± 95.8

606.5 ± 65.7

0.85

Percent wear time in SED (%)e

79.1 ± 4.8

77.7 ± 4.7

0.15

79.0 ± 5.6

77.0 ± 5.0

0.28

79.2 ± 3.8

78.3 ± 4.5

0.34

  1. aData presented as mean ± SD
  2. bLPA = Light Physical Activity, MVPA = Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity, SED = Sedentary Behavior, Min = Minutes
  3. cT-test assessed differences in eating occasions per day, energy intake, and energy intake per eating occasion between groups
  4. dMANCOVA analysis of dietary variables between Infrequent Eaters and Frequent Eaters. A priori covariates used for the combined data set were age and sex. The a priori covariate for males and females was age
  5. eMANCOVA analysis of physical activity variables between Infrequent Eaters and Frequent Eaters. A priori covariates used for the combined data set were age and sex. When the sample was split by sex the a priori covariate was age