Associations between feeding practices and growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 36 months among children living in low- and low-middle income countries who participated in the BRAIN-HIT trial

Do, Barbara T.; Hansen, Nellie I.; Bann, Carla; Lander, Rebecca L.; Goudar, Shivaprasad S.; Pasha, Omrana; Chomba, Elwyn; Dhaded, Sangappa M.; Thorsten, Vanessa R.; Wallander, Jan L.; Biasini, Fred J.; Derman, Richard; Goldenberg, Robert L.; Carlo, Waldemar A.

doi:10.1186/s40795-018-0228-9

Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted means for Bayley Scales of Infant Development measures at 36 months

From: Associations between feeding practices and growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 36 months among children living in low- and low-middle income countries who participated in the BRAIN-HIT trial

			Mental Developmental Index (MDI)			Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI)
Measures		N ^a	Mean ± SD (unadjusted)	Mean (adjusted)^b	P value^b	Mean ± SD (unadjusted)	Mean (adjusted)^b	P value^b
Exclusively breastfed first 6 months	Yes	230	94.25 ± 14.18	97.47	0.27	101.73 ± 15.07	101.80	0.61
Exclusively breastfed first 6 months	No	139	96.39 ± 13.96	95.43		100.40 ± 17.58	100.57
Legumes and nuts	Yes	155	99.00 ± 12.05	95.62	0.35	105.02 ± 15.42	–	–
Legumes and nuts	No	214	92.20 ± 14.83	97.32		98.48 ± 15.97	–
Zambia	Yes	84	–	–	–	105.08 ± 13.00	101.99	0.48
Zambia	No	8	–			101.88 ± 6.36	97.98
India	Yes	65	–	–	–	106.60 ± 15.42	101.25	0.61
India	No	92	–			95.63 ± 13.95	102.74
Pakistan	Yes	6	–	–	–	87.00 ± 32.47	85.05	0.01
Pakistan	No	114	–			100.54 ± 17.60	100.44
Eggs	Yes	101	97.08 ± 14.92	96.98	0.62	102.87 ± 15.48	102.19	0.46
Eggs	No	268	94.29 ± 13.76	96.28		100.60 ± 16.25	100.85
Meat, fish or insects	Yes	104	100.19 ± 12.21	98.04	0.13	104.39 ± 15.23	103.54	0.08
Meat, fish or insects	No	265	93.04 ± 14.33	95.67		99.98 ± 16.22	100.03
Milk and dairy	Yes	282	94.53 ± 14.45	96.74	0.57	100.97 ± 16.84	101.67	0.47
Milk and dairy	No	87	96.77 ± 12.93	95.58		102.06 ± 13.23	99.74
Modified Minimum Dietary Diversity	Yes	216	98.57 ± 13.10	96.87	0.38	103.97 ± 16.00	101.43	0.69
Modified Minimum Dietary Diversity	No	153	90.09 ± 14.06	95.73		97.35 ± 15.36	100.76
Modified Minimum Meal Frequency	Yes	295	94.79 ± 14.39	96.51	0.87	101.61 ± 15.86	101.57	0.44
Modified Minimum Meal Frequency	No	74	96.14 ± 13.03	96.27		99.70 ± 16.81	100.05
Modified Minimum Acceptable Diet	Yes	174	98.41 ± 13.42	96.55	0.87	104.24 ± 15.93	101.21	0.98
Modified Minimum Acceptable Diet	No	195	92.07 ± 14.09	96.36		98.54 ± 15.72	101.16

^aNumbers are among the 369 children with non-missing BSID-II scores. BSID-II scores were missing for 2/371 (0.5%) children [India: 2/159 (1.3%)]
^bBSID-II means were estimated using linear models fit to each Bayley index score and adjusted for SES, site, intervention group, resuscitation status, evaluator, sex, exclusively breastfed first 6 months, birth weight, preterm status, maternal age, and maternal education level. Statistical significance for a difference in means for those with and without each food consumption measure was determined by the F test. Tests of whether the association between measure and outcome differed by site were conducted. Interactions involving milk and dairy could not be tested as all participants from Pakistan received milk and dairy on an average day. Interactions with site were significant for legume/nut consumption (p = 0.01); PDI score means are shown by site for this measure

Back to article page

ISSN: 2055-0928

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com

BMC Nutrition

Contact us