Table 3 Summary of the instruments which were validated (n = 5) for assessment of saturated fat
Study/Instrument | Design | Age group | Countries | Mode | Portion estimation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adults | |||||
 HAPIEE [45] FFQ  Validation: 7-day diet diary [75] | Cross-sectional | 45–69 years | 3 (Russia, Poland, Czech Republic) | Self-admin | X |
 Validation: 5 24-HDRs [31] | Cross-sectional | 26–65 years | 3 (Belgium, England, Italy) also in Table 1 | Self-admin. | X |
 Validation: 2 FFQ’s and 4 24-HDRs [49] | Cross-sectional | 30–70 years | 3 European 4 LIC: Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan; 10 MIC: South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Poland, China, Malaysia, Iran, Turkey; and 3 HIC: Canada, Sweden, UAE | Self-admin | X |
 Validation: 4-day weighed food record [42] | RCT | 17–79 years | 7 (Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain, Greece, UK, Poland, Germany) | Self-admin | X |
Children | |||||
 Piqueras et al. FFQ [62]  Validation: 2 FFQs and 10 24-HDR [72] | Cross-sectional | 4 years | 3 (Spain, Germany, Hungary) | Self-admin. | X |