Pilot randomized controlled trial of a Mediterranean diet or diet supplemented with fish oil, walnuts, and grape juice in overweight or obese US adults

Jaacks, Lindsay M.; Sher, Salman; De Staercke, Christine; Porkert, Markus; Alexander, Wayne R.; Jones, Dean P.; Vaccarino, Viola; Ziegler, Thomas R.; Quyyumi, Arshed A.

doi:10.1186/s40795-018-0234-y

Table 1 Characteristics of participants at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks of the dietary intervention^a,b

From: Pilot randomized controlled trial of a Mediterranean diet or diet supplemented with fish oil, walnuts, and grape juice in overweight or obese US adults

	Control n = 9			Mediterranean Diet n = 11			Supplements (Fish Oil, Walnuts, and Grape Juice) n = 10
	Baseline	4 weeks	8 weeks	Baseline	4 weeks	8 weeks	Baseline	4 weeks	8 weeks
Dietary variables
Energy, kcal	2159 ± 411	2047 ± 436	1964 ± 680	2346 ± 742	2368 ± 486	2192 ± 1110	1647 ± 494	2163 ± 775*	2266 ± 321*
Tot fat, %kcal	40.3 ± 4.8	40.8 ± 5.7	32.1 ± 5.6	40.4 ± 5.3	35.1 ± 2.6	31.8 ± 10.2	34.4 ± 5.8	43.4 ± 5.8*	43.3 ± 4.3*
Sat fat, %kcal	12.8 ± 2.9	14.2 ± 3.5	9.7 ± 2.2	12.5 ± 4.6	5.8 ± 1.5*	7.6 ± 2.7	11.0 ± 3.2	8.6 ± 3.2	8.7 ± 1.5
Carb, %kcal	44.3 ± 9.0	44.9 ± 7.3	50.5 ± 6.1	47.4 ± 6.2	52.0 ± 3.9	51.0 ± 7.6	45.0 ± 15.1	41.0 ± 9.0	42.4 ± 4.5
Protein, %kcal	17.1 ± 3.2	15.5 ± 3.4	18.1 ± 3.2	14.0 ± 3.9	15.9 ± 1.5	16.9 ± 3.1	19.4 ± 6.1	16.9 ± 3.4	15.0 ± 1.7*
Fiber, g	18.1 ± 3.8	19.2 ± 9.5	21.2 ± 9.99	19.7 ± 9.0	29.6 ± 10.1	28.7 ± 10.0	20.6 ± 12.7	22.3 ± 9.8	19.2 ± 6.6
Chol, mg	292 ± 73	306 ± 128	282 ± 136	362 ± 216	223 ± 35.4*	334 ± 459	269 ± 120	301 ± 63.6	277 ± 47.4
MUFA, g	23.0 ± 6.8	17.3 ± 6.0	18.1 ± 10.6	16.9 ± 13.6	41.3 ± 10.0*	29.3 ± 20.1	14.4 ± 6.8	24.1 ± 9.7*	27.2 ± 4.6*
Omega-3, g	0.81 ± 0.74	0.58 ± 0.22	0.91 ± 0.69	0.81 ± 0.96	2.25 ± 0.76*	1.97 ± 2.32	0.47 ± 0.28	5.92 ± 1.39*	5.62 ± 1.31*
Omega-6, g	7.62 ± 3.65	4.54 ± 1.66	6.00 ± 3.13	7.09 ± 7.76	21.5 ± 6.89*	12.6 ± 12.5	4.25 ± 2.87	26.6 ± 10.0*	25.5 ± 2.61*
Clinical variables
Weight, kg	92.7 ± 7.2	96.2 ± 12.4	96.6 ± 11.1	93.4 ± 12.8	91.7 ± 12.5*	90.5 ± 13.0*	98.6 ± 16.8	99.5 ± 16.9	99.8 ± 16.8
WC, cm	105.7 ± 9.2	112.0 ± 12.3	107.4 ± 10.5	107.3 ± 6.7	107.9 ± 6.5	104.5 ± 5.9	114.1 ± 11.4	114.7 ± 11.5	112.8 ± 17.0
TC, mg/dl	189.6 ± 42.6	190.3 ± 30.9	179.3 ± 32.3	187.4 ± 38.4	163.3 ± 36.0*	164.2 ± 36.2	185.4 ± 19.9	178.3 ± 21.3	180.8 ± 19.4
TG, mg/dl	80.4 ± 37.3	84.5 ± 34.3	97.9 ± 51.7	141.9 ± 110.9	140.5 ± 100.6	109.3 ± 50.3	82.1 ± 26.9	66.0 ± 20.5	59.9 ± 19.7
HDL, mg/dl	46.2 ± 12.8	43.5 ± 11.9	40.9 ± 12.1	43.8 ± 14.1	40.2 ± 10.7	45.1 ± 12.5	43.6 ± 12.0	43.6 ± 13.2	47.3 ± 16.3
LDL, mg/dl	125.4 ± 35.5	134.0 ± 35.0	122.0 ± 26.5	119.4 ± 36.5	98.8 ± 31.7*	97.1 ± 31.8	125.4 ± 19.6	121.5 ± 21.3	121.5 ± 21.0
IL-6, pg/ml	1.87 ± 2.11	2.08 ± 2.98	2.03 ± 2.37	1.83 ± 2.14	1.62 ± 1.47	1.30 ± 1.23	2.26 ± 1.79	2.38 ± 2.48	2.44 ± 1.34
IL-8, pg/ml	3.29 ± 1.11	3.30 ± 1.41	44.6 ± 116.1	10.4 ± 21.1	131.2 ± 358.2	4.22 ± 3.36	2.51 ± 1.28	3.46 ± 3.30	3.01 ± 1.94
CRP, mg/l	5.52 ± 6.13	4.50 ± 5.83	5.22 ± 5.73	4.46 ± 8.02	4.18 ± 8.02	1.76 ± 1.72	6.51 ± 6.19	5.64 ± 6.22	7.77 ± 6.77
APN, μg/l	7732 ± 4166	8021 ± 4796	8634 ± 4458	5846 ± 3762	5530 ± 4205	5575 ± 3215	6403 ± 4439	5975 ± 4490*	6532 ± 4586
FPG, mg/dl	83.1 ± 13.7	80.7 ± 5.22	79.0 ± 6.11	89.6 ± 13.4	85.0 ± 7.15	93.8 ± 18.1	89.8 ± 11.0	87.1 ± 9.80	89.6 ± 9.90
Insulin, μU/ml	7.19 ± 3.00	6.29 ± 3.47	6.80 ± 5.04	9.73 ± 6.87	10.1 ± 11.2	14.9 ± 27.8	11.3 ± 4.21	10.7 ± 6.49	12.0 ± 6.37
FMD, %	6.16 ± 5.30	6.94 ± 5.48	5.28 ± 4.92	5.63 ± 3.35	7.97 ± 3.83	6.76 ± 3.61	6.90 ± 4.22	8.67 ± 4.48	9.61 ± 6.75
CFU-As	51.6 ± 25.9	41.8 ± 30.0	61.0 ± 42.7	89.4 ± 42.2	60.4 ± 30. 6	44.3 ± 22.3*	78.1 ± 48.1	53.3 ± 36.1	55.4 ± 30.0
Cysteine, μmol/l	13.3 ± 3.53	11.0 ± 1.40	12.8 ± 2.06	12.1 ± 4.20	12.1 ± 3.35	9.93 ± 1.73	13.4 ± 3.18	13.3 ± 5.02	12.2 ± 2.80
Cystine, μmol/l	95.3 ± 18.9	103.6 ± 22.1	106.4 ± 30.6	95.1 ± 16.7	84.6 ± 18.3*	87.2 ± 11.0*	88.8 ± 18.2	91.5 ± 18.7	96.1 ± 18.5
Glutathione, μmol/l	1.98 ± 1.04	1.89 ± 0.48	1.87 ± 0.42	2.05 ± 1.24	2.09 ± 0.75	1.54 ± 0.52	2.38 ± 1.18	1.74 ± 0.59	1.89 ± 1.02

^aValues are mean ± SD
^bMeans were calculated for all participants with non-missing data at the specified time point (baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks)
*P < 0.05 for group-by-time interaction term where control and baseline are referent from mixed-effects models
Abbreviations: APN adiponectin, FMD flow-mediated vasodilation, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, CFU-As circulating pro-angiogenic cell activity, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, WC waist circumference

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