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Table 2 Associations of socio-demographic, dietary, lifestyle, anthropometric factors with Vitamin D status* *among study participants

From: Vitamin D status and body composition: a cross-sectional study among employees at a private university in Lebanon

Characteristic

Total (n = 268)

Men (n = 142)

Women (n = 126)

Insufficient

Sufficient

P-value3

Insufficient

Sufficient

P-value3

Insufficient

Sufficient

P-value3

Mean ± SD / n (%)/ Median [IQR]

Mean ± SD / n (%)

Mean ± SD / n (%)

Age (years)

40 [33.0–51.0

43 [35.0–51.0]

0.593

45.8 ± 12.3

42.1 ± 11.2

0.088

37.3 ± 9.8

39.3 ± 9.7

0.320

Marital status

 

0.140

 

0.042

 

0.976

 Single/Separated/ Divorced

56 (65.9)

29 (34.1)

 

23 (57.5)

17 (42.5)

 

33 (73.3)

12 (26.7)

 

 Married

138 (75.4)

45 (24.6)

77 (75.5)

25 (24.5)

61 (75.3)

20 (24.7)

Education level

 

0.793

 

0.551

 

0.231

 High school

45 (70.3)

19 (29.7)

 

30 (68.2)

14 (31.8)

 

15 (75.0)

5 (25.0)

 

 Bachelor degree

52 (75.4)

17 (24.6)

20 (64.5)

11 (35.5)

32 (84.2)

6 (15.8)

 Graduate

97 (71.9)

38 (28.1)

50 (74.6)

17 (25.4)

47 (69.1)

21 (30.9)

Income ($)

 

0.902

 

0.137

 

0.295

  < 2250

68 (70.8)

28 (29.2)

 

34 (61.8)

21 (38.2)

 

34 (82.9)

7 (17.1)

 

 2250–4000

51 (73.9)

18 (26.1)

23 (82.1)

5 (17.9)

28 (68.3)

13 (31.7)

  > 4000

75 (72.8)

28 (27.2)

43 (72.9)

16 (27.1)

32 (72.7)

12 (27.3)

Vitamin D intake (μg)

1.9 ± 2.0

3.3 ± 5.7

0.047

2.2 ± 2.2

3.4 ± 7.2

0.290

1.6 ± 1.7

3.1 ± 2.7

0.006

Alcohol drinking

 

0.095

 

0.964

 

0.022

 No

145 (75.5)

47 (24.5)

 

64 (71.1)

26 (28.9)

 

81 (79.4)

21 (20.6)

 

 Yes

49 (64.5)

27 (35.5)

36 (69.2)

16 (30.8)

13 (54.2)

11 (45.8)

Smoking

 

0.563

 

1

 

0.480

 No

122 (73.9)

43 (26.1)

 

55 (70.5)

23 (29.5)

 

67 (77.0)

20 (23.0)

 

 Yes

72 (69.9)

31 (30.1)

45 (70.3)

19 (29.7)

27 (69.2)

12 (30.8)

Daily exposure to direct sunlight

 

0.005

 

0.028

 

0.206

  ≤ 15 mins

81 (78.6)a

22 (21.4)a

 

43 (79.6)a

11 (20.4)a

 

38 (77.6)

11 (22.4)

 

 16–60 min

64 (78.0)a

18 (22.0)a

26 (76.5)a,b

8 (23.5)a,b

38 (79.2)

10 (20.8)

  > 60 mins

49 (59.0)b

34(41.0)b

31 (57.4)b

23 (42.6)b

18 (62.1)

11 (37.9)

Use sunscreen

 

0.744

 

0.670

 

0.185

 No

142 (73.2)

52 (26.8)

 

95 (69.9)

41 (30.1)

 

47 (81.0)

11 (19.0)

 

 Yes

52 (70.3)

22 (29.7)

5 (83.3)

1 (16.7)

47 (69.1)

21 (30.9)

BMI1 (Kg/m2)

 

0.242

 

0.479

 

0.008

 Underweight

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

 Normal

68 (68.0)

32 (32.0)

20 (76.9)

6 (23.1)

48 (64.9)b

26 (35.1)a

 Overweight

71 (71.7)

28 (28.3)

44 (65.7)

23 (34.3)

27 (84.4)a

5 (15.6)a

 Obese

55 (79.7)

14 (20.3)

36 (73.5)

13 (26.5)

19 (95.0)b

1 (5.0)a

Percent body fat

31.2 ± 7.5

27.2 ± 7.5

0.000

28.3 ± 6.6

25.6 ± 7.5

0.039

34.4 ± 7.0

29.3 ± 7.0

0.001

Waist circumference risky

 

0.012

 

0.581

 

0.003

 No

88 (65.2)

47 (34.8)

 

48 (67.6)

23 (32.4)

 

40 (62.5)

24 (37.5)

 

 Yes2

106 (79.7)

27 (20.3)

52 (73.2)

19 (26.8)

54 (87.1)

8 (12.9)

  1. *The National Osteoporosis Foundation cutoffs were used to define vitamin D status (Sufficient: 25hydroxyvitamin D > 30 ng/mL and Insufficient: 25 hydroxyvitamin D ≤ 30 ng/mL)
  2. *Participants taking vitamin D supplements were excluded (n = 75)
  3. 1Body Mass Index
  4. 2 < 88 cm for women and < 102 cm for men [24]
  5. 3The P value reflects differences in vitamin D status
  6. Columns with superscripts without a common symbol differ, the P value is < 0.05
  7. Comparisons of continuous and categorical variables were performed using independent sample T Test/Mann-Whitney-U-test and the chi square test /Fisher’s exact test, respectively
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