Table 3 – Interventions targeting fat consumption
Author (year) | Study Characteristics | Study Outcomes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model type | Time horizon | Target foods | Type of intervention(s) | Voluntary/mandatory | Reduction in individual intake | Reduction/increase in the incidence of clinical outcomes | Results on QOL measures | |
Food and Drink Industry Ireland (2016) [26] | Mathematical/statistical | Not modelled | 10 Food macrocategories | Reformulation based on actual FDII voluntary programme | Mandatory extension of existing programme | 1.67 SFA g/day (5.5%) in adults | – | – |
Voluntary | 0.47 SFA g/day(1.50%) in adults | – | – | |||||
Leroy et al. (2016) [32] | Epidemiological | 1y | F&V, bread, meat, fish, sandwiches, sauces | Strong reformulation based on the Choices Programme criteria | Mandatory | 14.8% daily SFA intake | Fatal CVD/Strokes deaths averted: 1339 | – |
Cancer deaths averted: 558 | – | |||||||
Mild reformulation based on the Choices Programme criteria | Mandatory | 11.7% daily SFA intake | CVD/Strokes and Cancer: 2408 deaths averted (3.7%) - due to total reductions in Na, SFA and sugar consumption combined | – | ||||
Masset et al. (2016) [25] | Mathematical/statistical | Not modelled | Pizza | Reformulation to meet Nestlè Nutrient Profiling targets | Mandatory | 0.3 SFA g/day (1.1%) | – | – |
Pearson-Stuttard et al. (2016) [33] | Epidemiological | 10y | All processed food | ↓100% (Total ban) on industrial TFA | Mandatory | ↓100% industrial TFA ➔ approx. 0.4% of daily energy intake from ruminant TFA | CHD deaths averted or postponed: 1700 (UI = 1619–1825) | – |
LYG: 15000 (UI: 13952–16,934) | – | |||||||
Allen et al. (2015) [44] | Epidemiological | 6y | All processed foods | ↓100% (Total ban) on industrial TFA | Mandatory | ↓100% industrial TFA ➔ approx. 0.4% of daily energy intake from ruminant TFA | CHD deaths averted or postponed: 7200 (UI = 3200–12,500; 2.6%) | 7900 QALYs gained (UI = 3000–13,900) |
Combris et al. (2011) [8] | Mathematical/statistical | Not modelled | Breakfast cereals | Mild to strong reformulation based on food nutrient distribution | Mandatory | 0.032–0.172 fat g/day (1.40–7.5%) | – | – |
Biscuits/ pastries | 0.0162–0.061 fat g/day (1.40–5.30%) | – | – | |||||
Bread-based products | 0.009–0.229 fat g/day (0.40–9.90%) | – | – | |||||
Temme et al. (2011) [11] | Mathematical/statistical | Not modelled | Potato-products, bread, pastry, cakes and biscuits (excluding foods made with butter); (meat) snacks and salads, fats and margarines | ↓ 300% TFA in potato products for frying; 33% in bread; 75% in pastry, cakes and biscuits; 67% for meat snacks and salads | Mandatory | 0.4 TFA g/day (21.1%, UI = 0.35–0.45) | – | – |
Roodenburg et al. (2009) [27] | Mathematical/statistical | Not modelled | All packaged foods | Reformulation set to meet Choices Programme criteria | Mandatory | 40% SFA daily intake (32% adjusting for energy compensation) | – | – |
63% TFA daily intake (58% adjusting for energy compensation) | – | – | ||||||