|
Household characteristics
|
Unadjusted (OR, P/ CI)
|
Adjusted (OR, P/ CI)
|
Unadjusted (OR, P/CI)
|
Adjusted (OR, P/CI)
|
Unadjusted (OR, P/CI)
|
Adjusted (OR, P/CI)
|
|
Family size
|
1.37** [1.16–1.62]
|
1.15 [0.95–1.38]
|
1.01 [0.86–1.40]
|
0.87 [0.62–1.21]
|
1.52** [1.22–1.90]
|
1.39* [1.06–1.83]
|
|
Headship of the households
|
|
Male (R)
|
|
Female
|
1.09 [0.91–1.31]
|
1.01 [0.82–1.24]
|
0.90 [0.71–1.14]
|
0.85 [0.64–1.14]
|
0.95 [0.77–1.17]
|
1.06 [0.84–1.35]
|
|
Caste/ethnicity
|
|
Dalit(R)
|
|
Muslim
|
1.00 [0.74–1.35]
|
1.21 [0.82–1.80]
|
0.50 [0.30–0.85]
|
0.55 [0.27–1.14]
|
0.94 [0.60–1.47]
|
1.04 [0.61–1.78]
|
|
Janajati
|
0.63 [0.48–0.83]
|
0.73 [0.53–0.99]
|
0.76 [0.56–1.04]
|
0.89 [0.61–1.29]
|
0.75 [0.53–1.08]
|
1.01 [0.69–1.47]
|
|
Other Terai caste
|
0.78 [0.59–1.03]
|
0.96 [0.69–1.33]
|
0.95 [0.63–1.43]
|
1.56 [1.04–1.33]
|
1.16 [0.81–1.66]
|
1.18 [0.74–1.91]
|
|
Brahmin/chhetri
|
0.70 [0.57–0.89]
|
0.94 [0.69–1.26]
|
0.65 [0.51–0.85]
|
0.80 [0.58–1.09]
|
0.84 [0.60–1.17]
|
1.08 [0.72–1.61]
|
|
Other
|
0.72 [0.35–1.50]
|
0.80 [0.36–1.77]
|
0.78 [0.48–1.29]
|
0.96 [0.39–2.37]
|
0.63 [0.37–1.05]
|
0.60 [0.26–1.36]
|
|
Wealth quintile
|
|
Poorest (R)
|
|
Second poorest
|
0.76** [0.63–0.92]
|
0.87 [0.65–1.18]
|
0.66** [0.50–0.88]
|
0.58** [0.39–0.87]
|
0.65** [0.49–0.87]
|
0.60** [0.43–0.85]
|
|
Middle
|
0.65** [0.51–0.82]
|
0.84 [0.63–1.13]
|
0.42** [0.30–0.57]
|
0.45** [0.29–0.68]
|
0.57** [0.42–0.77]
|
0.51** [0.36–0.73]
|
|
Second richest
|
0.42** [0.32–0.54]
|
0.59** [0.42–0.83]
|
0.35** [0.25–0.48]
|
0.30** [0.17–0.53]
|
0.49** [0.37–0.66]
|
0.56** [0.37–0.85]
|
|
Richest
|
0.28** [0.22–0.35]
|
0.58* [0.38–0.88]
|
0.27** [0.19–0.39]
|
0.26** [0.12–0.54]
|
0.20** [0.14–0.29]
|
0.28** [0.16–0.49]
|
|
Place of residence
|
|
Urban (R)
|
|
Rural
|
1.86** [1.51–2.30]
|
1.06 [0.83–1.35]
|
1.97** [1.52–2.56]
|
1.35 [0.94–1.92]
|
1.42** [1.16–1.77]
|
1.05 [0.82–1.34]
|
|
Ecological belt
|
|
Mountain (R)
|
|
Hill
|
0.64** [0.51–0.81]
|
0.90 [0.70–1.15]
|
0.65** [0.49–0.85]
|
0.67* [0.49–0.91]
|
0.54** [0.37–0.79]
|
0.80 [0.54–1.18]
|
|
Terai
|
0.54** [0.43–0.69]
|
0.51** [0.37–0.72]
|
0.53** [0.40–0.71]
|
0.67 [0.43–1.03]
|
0.66* [0.46–0.94]
|
0.84 [0.53–1.33]
|
|
Household food security status
|
|
Food secure (R)
|
|
Mildly food insecure
|
NA
|
NA
|
1.40** [1.02–1.95]
|
0.86 [0.58–1.29]
|
1.36** [1.07–1.71]
|
0.98 [0.75–1.28]
|
|
Moderately food insecure
|
NA
|
NA
|
1.68** [1.28–2.21]
|
1.07 [0.75–1.53]
|
1.76** [1.37–2.26]
|
1.10 [0.82–1.47]
|
|
Severely food insecure
|
NA
|
NA
|
1.93** [1.39–2.67]
|
1.17 [0.77–1.77]
|
2.10** [1.43–3.12]
|
1.32 [0.86–2.01]
|
|
Access of drinking water
|
|
Unimproved (R)
|
|
Improved
|
0.90 [0.76–1.06]
|
1.19 [0.98–1.44]
|
0.67 [0.51–0.88]
|
0.96 [0.68–1.34]
|
0.72 [0.48–1.07]
|
0.82 [0.53–1.29]
|
|
Access of toilet
|
|
Unimproved (R)
|
|
Improved
|
0.50** [0.41–0.61]
|
0.83 [0.59–1.17]
|
0.65** [0.51–0.81]
|
1.27 [0.91–1.77]
|
0.49** [0.38–0.62]
|
0.64 ** [0.46–0.88]
|
|
Maternal characteristics
|
|
Age of mother
|
1.05* [1.03–1.06]
|
0.97 [0.95–0.99]
|
1.03* [1.01–1.05]
|
0.97 [0.94–1.01]
|
1.02* [1.00–1.03]
|
0.99 [0.96–1.02]
|
|
Years of schooling of mother
|
0.87** [0.85–0.88]
|
0.92** [0.89–0.95]
|
0.92** [0.89–0.94]
|
1.00 [0.65–1.05]
|
0.91** [0.89–0.93]
|
0.98 [0.95–1.01]
|
|
Number of living children
|
1.65** [1.51–1.79]
|
1.12 [0.96–1.32]
|
1.39** [1.23–1.58]
|
1.05 [0.86–1.28]
|
1.50** [1.33–1.70]
|
1.17 [0.95–1.44]
|
|
Employment
|
|
No (R)
|
|
Yes
|
1.45** [1.21–1.74]
|
0.98 [0.80–1.21]
|
1.25 [0.96–1.62]
|
0.83 [0.59–1.17]
|
1.44** [1.20–1.73]
|
1.27* [1.01–1.60]
|
|
Mother BMI
|
|
less than 18.5/underweight (R)
|
|
18.5 and above
|
1.35** [1.16–1.58]
|
1.19 [0.98–1.44]
|
1.42** [1.10–1.83]
|
1.30 [0.93–1.81]
|
1.59** [1.23–2.04]
|
1.23 [0.94–1.60]
|
|
Mother anemia
|
|
No (R)
|
|
Yes
|
1.12 [0.97–1.30]
|
1.24* [1.04–1.48]
|
1.06 [0.86–1.30]
|
0.95 [0.74–1.23]
|
1.01 [0.84–1.24]
|
0.90 [0.72–1.14]
|
|
Child characteristics
|
|
Age of child
|
2.11** [1.94–2.29]
|
2.24** [1.96–2.56]
|
1.80** [1.59–2.03]
|
2.58** [2.14–3.11]
|
1.61** [1.44–1.80]
|
1.58** [1.32–1.90]
|
|
Sex of child
|
|
Boys (R)
|
|
Girls
|
1.05 [0.91–1.21]
|
1.00 [0.85–1.17]
|
0.92 [0.77–1.10]
|
0.88 [0.71–1.10]
|
0.98 [0.81–1.20]
|
0.95 [0.76–1.17]
|
|
Birth order
|
1.17*** [1.13–1.21]
|
1.11* [1.02–1.20]
|
1.00 [1.00–1.01]
|
1.14 [1.03–1.26]
|
1.15** [1.09–1.21]
|
0.99 [0.89–1.10]
|
|
Size at the time of birth
|
|
Average or larger (R)
|
|
Below average
|
1.64** [1.37–1.946]
|
1.64** [1.34–2.00]
|
1.67** [1.29–2.18]
|
1.55** [1.19–2.02]
|
1.64** [1.31–2.05]
|
1.60** [1.25–2.04]
|
|
Anemia
|
|
No (R)
|
|
Yes
|
1.01 [0.87–1.17]
|
1.32** [1.12–1.56]
|
1.17 [0.95–1.43]
|
1.59** [1.25–2.02]
|
1.30** [1.06–1.61]
|
1.40** [1.12–1.75]
|
