The effect of vitamin D supplementation on the glycemic control of pre-diabetic Qatari patients in a randomized control trial

Al Thani, Mohammed; Sadoun, Eman; Sofroniou, Angeliki; Jayyousi, Amin; Baagar, Khaled Ahmed Mohamed; Al Hammaq, Abdulla; Vinodson, Benjamin; Akram, Hammad; Bhatti, Zaid Shakoor; Nasser, Heba Samir; Leventakou, Vasiliki

doi:10.1186/s40795-019-0311-x

Table 2 Baseline values and mean changes for primary and secondary characteristics following 6-month vitamin D intervention

From: The effect of vitamin D supplementation on the glycemic control of pre-diabetic Qatari patients in a randomized control trial

	Placebo (n = 75^a)			Vitamin D (n = 57^a)			P-value between groups^¶	Adjusted P-value between groups^#
	Baseline^b	Change^d	p-value within group^‖	Baseline^b	Change^d	P-value within group^‖	P-value between groups^¶	Adjusted P-value between groups^#
Weight (kg)	91.3 ± 18.9	− 0.57 (− 1.53, 0.39)	0.24	86.3 ± 19.6	0.16 (− 0.73, 1.06)	0.71	0.28	−
BMI (kg/m²)	32.0 ± 5.9	− 0.19 (− 0.51, 0.13)	0.24	30.0 ± 6.2	0.05 (− 0.25, 0.35)	0.75	0.30	−
Waist Circumference (cm)	103.8 ± 12.6	− 0.16 (− 1.08, 0.76)	0.73	101.5 ± 11.0	− 0.39 (− 1.25, 0.47)	0.37	0.73	−
HbA1c (%)	5.9 ± 0.22	0.007 (− 0.10, 0.11)	0.90	5.9 ± 0.19	− 0.04 (− 0.12, 0.05)	0.37	0.54	−
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	41.3 ± 2.37	0.075 (− 1.07,1.22)	0.90	40.9 ± 2.02	− 0.40 (− 1.31,0.50)	0.37	0.54	−
SBP (mmHg)	129.3 ± 15.5	− 5.04 (− 8.27, − 1.81)	0.003	127.4 ± 12.8	−6.59 (− 10.44, − 2.74)	0.001	0.54	−
DBP (mmHg)	76.6 ± 12.0	− 0.84 (− 3.08, 1.40)	0.46	75.9 ± 9.9	− 4.87 (− 8.10, − 1.64)	0.004	0.036	−
RBC (× 10⁶ uL)	5.2 ± 0.51	− 0.08 (− 0.15, − 0.007)	0.03	5.2 ± 0.58	− 0.09 (− 0.19, 0.008)	0.07	0.84	−
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	14.5 ± 1.4	− 0.17 (− 0.34, − 0.004)	0.045	14.4 ± 1.4	0.16 (− 0.89, 1.22)	0.76	0.49	−
Hematocrit (%)	44.0 (42.0, 45.7)^c	0.0 (− 1.4, 1.6)	0.46	43.2 (41.4, 45.8)	−1.0 (− 2.4, 1.4)	0.15	0.07	−
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.1 ± 0.95	− 0.08 (− 0.25, 0.09)	0.37	5.3 ± 0.86	− 0.32 (− 0.58, − 0.06)	0.02	0.11	−
HDL (mmol/L)	1.1 ± 0.23	− 0.04 (− 0.07, − 0.01)	0.005	1.1 ± 0.26	0.03 (− 0.08, 0.14)	0.58	0.15	−
LDL (mmol/L)	3.4 ± 0.86	− 0.08 (− 0.29, 0.12)	0.42	3.4 ± 0.80	− 0.15 (− 0.37, 0.06)	0.16	0.65	−
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.5 ± 0.74	0.16 (− 0.10, 0.43)	0.23	1.6 ± 0.84	0.16 (− 0.31, 0.63)	0.49	0.99	−
25 (OH) D (ng/ml)	17.0 ± 4.6	− 0.88 (− 2.20, 0.44)	0.19	14.9 ± 4.3	19.4 (16.4, 22.5)	< 0.001	< 0.001	−
PTH (pg/ml)	57.4 ± 28.3	7.7 (− 0.56, 15.9)	0.07	58.2 ± 19.4	− 3.1 (− 9.4, 3.1)	0.32	0.045	−
Serum Calcium (mmol/L)	2.25 ± 1.1	0.51 (− 0.16, 1.2)	0.13	1.99 ± 1.3	0.70 (0.06, 1.3)	0.03	0.67	−
Creatinine (Umol/L)	74.2 ± 11.3	− 4.1 (− 7.1, − 1.1)	0.008	73.0 ± 17.1	0.53 (− 4.6, 5.7)	0.84	0.11	−
CPK (U/L)	118.5 (83.5, 201.0)^c	− 4.5 (− 32.8, 14.2)	0.36	124.5 (83.7, 185.7)	−2.0 (− 18.0, 15.0)	0.55	0.79	−
C-peptide (U/L)	2.1 (1.7, 3.1)^c	0.18 (− 0.13, 0.59)	0.007	2.4 (1.9, 3.1)	0.15 (−0.29, 0.71)	0.12	0.84	−
SGOT (U/L)	21.0 (18.3, 26.8)^c	−2.0 (− 7.0, 1.0)	0.011	22.0 (17.8, 27.3)	−3.0 (− 5.0, 2.0)	0.062	0.88	−
SGPT (U/L)	26.0 (19.0, 36.8)^c	−3.0 (−9.0, 1.0)	< 0.001	29.0 (19.0, 42.0)	−3.0 (− 12.0, 3.0)	0.018	0.88	−
ALP (U/L)	73.7 ± 19.6	3.4 (−0.24, 7.0)	0.07	73.8 ± 17.7	−6.1 (− 10.1, −2.0)	0.004	0.001	−
Bilirubin (umol/L)	9.05 (7.2, 14.0)^c	−0.75 (−2.4, 2.0)	0.699	11.3 (9.7, 15.0)	−1.85 (−5.2, 1.2)	0.006	0.039	−
Mean FPG (mmol/L)	6.3 ± 0.73	0.13 (−0.08, 0.35)	0.22	6.1 ± 0.63	0.30 (−0.09, 0.68)	0.13	0.41	0.434
2 h PCG (mmol/L)	9.3 ± 2.9	1.09 (0.44, 1.7)	0.001	9.2 ± 2.4	1.15 (0.44, 1.9)	0.002	0.90	0.768
Mean FPI (μU/ml)	9.8 ± 6.1	0.64 (−1.4, 2.7)	0.54	9.8 ± 5.0	− 1.4 (−2.6, −0.19)	0.024	0.11	0.137
2 h PCI (μU/mL)	64.9 (38.5, 138.3)^c	1.2 (−30.0, 19.2)	0.717	98.6 (70.1, 180.3)	−23.3 (−70.9, 14.2)	0.06	0.22	0.882
Matsuda Index	2.9 (1.7, 4.1)^c	0.21 (−0.84, 0.95)	0.731	2.2 (1.7, 3.4)	0.08 (−0.54, 0.99)	0.455	0.82	0.750
HOMA-IR	2.5 (1.7, 3.7)^c	0.06 (−0.77, 0.86)	0.746	2.4 (1.5, 3.4)	−0.05 (− 0.94, 0.44)	0.455	0.45	0.326
HOMA- β	65.9 ± 44.3	−0.38 (−11.7, 11.0)	0.947	71.9 ± 36.8	−18.6 (−30.4, −6.8)	0.003	0.027	0.011
Disposition index	0.069 (0.034, 0.094)	0.0017 (−0.05, 0.013)	0.534	0.072 (0.05, 0.14)	−0.0087 (− 0.041, 0.022)	0.140	0.93	0.997
Insulinogenic index	0.58 (0.33, 0.98)	−0.054 (− 0.40, 0.15)	0.25	0.63 (0.45, 1.06)	−0.17 (− 0.30, 0.17)	0.018	0.79	0.586

Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, FPI Fasting plasma insulin, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, RBC Red blood cells, PTH Parathyroid hormone, CPK Creatine phosphokinase, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, ALP Alkaline phosphatase, FPG Fasting plasma glucose, FPI Fasting plasma insulin, 2 h PCG 2 h post-challenge glucose, 2 h PCI 2 h post-challenge insulin, HOMA-IR Homeostatic model of assessment - insulin resistance
‖ Data are analyzed by paired sample t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test where appropriate (level of significance P ≤ 0.05)
^¶ Data are analyzed by independent sample t-test (level of significance P ≤ 0.05)
^# Data are analyzed by ANCOVA using a general linear model and change values for each respective outcome with age, baseline BMI, gender and ethnicity as covariates
^a Initial sample size; the sample size was reduced for some variables due to missing values
^b Data are presented as mean ± SD
^c Data represented by median and inter-quartile range, Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare median of the differences
^d Mean change; 95% CI or IQR where appropriate in parentheses

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