Relationship between ethanol consumption and TBL2 rs17145738 on LDL-C concentration in Japanese adults: a four season 3-day weighed diet record study

Table 1 Characteristics of study subjects in four seasons (n = 78)

	Winter^a	Spring^a	Summer^a	Autumn^a	P^b
	Mean or n SD or (%)	Mean SD	Mean SD	Mean SD	P^b
Men	51 (65.4%)
Smoker^c	13 (16.7%)
Age (years)	43.5 ± 9.6
Physical activity (METs・hour/day)	9.0± 2.0
BMI (kg/m²)	22.4 ± 1.2	22.4 ± 1.2	22.3 ± 1.2	22.4 ± 1.2	0.30
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	0.90 ± 1.72	0.93 ± 1.78	0.92± 1.68	0.91 ± 1.69	0.61
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.35 ± 0.91	5.12 ± 0.76**	5.12 ± 0.86**	5.11 ± 0.83	<0.01
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.67 ± 1.26	1.56 ± 1.25***	1.62 ± 1.26**	1.60 ± 1.26**	<0.001
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.06 ± 1.30	2.95 ± 1.25	2.89 ± 1.31**	2.95 ± 1.26	0.02
3-day WDRs
Energy intake (MJ/day)	8.2 ± 1.7	8.0 ± 2.3	7.9 ± 1.9	8.1 ± 2.0	0.48
Protein (g/MJ)	8.6 ± 1.2	8.6 ± 1.2	8.5 ± 1.1	8.6 ± 1.2	1.00
Fat (g/MJ)	7.6 ± 1.5	7.8 ± 1.5	7.5 ± 1.4	7.7 ± 1.4	0.35
SFA (g/MJ)	2.2 ± 0.6	2.2 ± 0.5	2.2 ± 0.5	2.2 ± 0.5	0.92
MUFA (g/MJ)	2.8 ± 0.6	2.9 ± 0.7	2.8 ± 0.6	2.9 ± 0.6	0.37
PUFA (g/MJ)	1.7 ± 1.3	1.7 ± 1.3	1.6 ± 1.3	1.7 ± 1.3	0.09
Cholesterol (mg/MJ)	35.0 ± 1.4	37.8 ± 1.4	37.9 ± 1.4	38.9 ± 1.4	0.13
Carbohydrate (g/MJ)	31.8 ± 3.6	31.4 ± 3.9	31.9 ± 3.7	32.0 ± 3.8	0.55
TDF (g/MJ)	1.7 ± 1.4	1.7 ± 1.4	1.6 ± 1.4	1.8 ± 1.4	0.33
Ethanol (g/day)	2.2 ± 2.5	2.1 ± 2.8	2.3 ± 2.7	1.7 ± 2.3	0.58
FFQ
Energy intake (MJ/day)	7.2 ± 1.4
Protein (g/MJ)	7.3 ± 1.2
Fat (g/MJ)	6.2 ± 1.6
SFA (g/MJ)	1.5 ± 0.4
MUFA (g/MJ)	2.3 ± 0.7
PUFA (g/MJ)	1.7 ± 1.3
Cholesterol (mg/MJ)	32.6 ± 1.3
Carbohydrate (g/MJ)	34.3 ± 3.5
TDF (g/MJ)	1.4 ± 1.3
Ethanol (g/day)	5.1 ± 3.9

Abbreviations: 3-day WDRs 3-day weighed dietary records, SFA saturated fatty acid, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid, TDF total dietary fiber, FFQ food frequency questionnaire. The following variables were log-transformed to improve normality: physical activity; BMI; triglyceride; HDL cholesterol; LDL cholesterol; protein; PUFA; dietary cholesterol; TDF; ethanol consumption. P <0.05 is shown as bold. *P <0.05, **P <0.01, ***P <0.001 compared with winter using Dunnett's test. ^aThe mean and SD were estimated from the subjects without missing values in each season. ^bMixed-effect models were applied for analyzing seasonal variation with seasons (1, winter; 2, spring; 3, summer; 4, autumn) as a fixed effect and subject ID as a random intercept, and the analyses were performed using as much data as possible. ^cEx-smokers were defined as subjects who quit smoking more than 2 years previously and were included as smokers because of being a small number of them.

ISSN: 2055-0928