The association between dietary consumption, anthropometric measures and body composition of rural and urban Ghanaian adults: a comparative cross-sectional study

Table 9 Multinomial logistic regression of predictors of obesity

waist circumference category	Explanatory variables	Odds ratios
Model 1
Normal⁺	Energy	0.999 (0.999–1.000)**
	Protein	1.008 (0.997–1.019)
	Fat	0.996 (0.987–1.005)
	Sugar	0.998 (0.992–1.004)
	Community
	Rural	1.684 (1.039–2.729)*
	Urban^a
	Gender
	Male	21.968 (10.876–44.373)***
	Female^a
Overweight	Energy	0.999 (0.999–1.000)**
	Protein	1.004 (0.994–1.015)
	Fat	0.999 (0.990–1.007)
	Sugar	1.002 (0.995–1.008)
	Community
	Rural	1.198 (0.741–1.936)
	Urban^a
	Gender
	Male	1.991 (0.790–5.018)
	Female^a
Model 2
Normal⁺	Energy	0.999 (0.999–1.000)*
	Protein	1.008 (0.997–1.019)
	Fat	0.996 (0.987–1.005)
	Sugar	0.998 (0.992–1.004)
	Community
	Rural	1.449 (0.881–2.385)
	Urban^a
	Gender
	Male	19.715 (9.723–39.978)***
	Female^a
	Metabolic equivalent category
	Not meeting WHO recommendation	0.585 (0.363–0.943)*
	Meeting WHO recommendation^a
Overweight	Energy	0.999 (0.999–1.000)*
	Protein	1.004 (0.994–1.016)
	Fat	0.999 (0.990–1.007)
	Sugar	1.001 (0.995–1.008)
	Community
	Rural	1.109 (0.675–1.823)
	Urban^a
	Gender
	Male	1.903 (0.753–4.810)
	Female^a
	Metabolic equivalent category
	Not meeting WHO recommendation	0.729 (0.449–1.182)
	Meeting WHO recommendation^a

Multinomial logistic regression of the predictors of obesity
model 1 *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. ^aVariable set as reference. +Reference for weight category is obesity. Cox and Snell R-Squared is 0.243 and Nagelkerke R-Squared is 0.277
model 2 *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. ^aVariable set as reference. +Reference for weight category is obesity. Cox and Snell R-Squared is 0.248 and Nagelkerke R-Squared is 0.283

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