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Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of adults*

From: Dietary intake and cardiometabolic risk factors among Venezuelan adults: a nationally representative analysis

 

Weighted % (95%CI)

P-value1

Total (n2 = 3402)

Male (n2 = 1052)

Female(n2 = 2348)

Overall

 

47.7 (45.2–50.3)

52.3 (49.7–54.8)

 

Socioeconomic Status3

  

0.320

 High & Medium-High

21.2 (17.1–25.9)

22.3 (17.3–28.3)

20.1 (16.4–24.5)

 

 Medium

31.0 (27.8–34.3)

30.7 (26.6–35.2)

31.2 (28.1–34.5)

 

 Relative Poverty

42.2 (37.4–47.1)

40.7 (35–46.7)

43.6 (38.8–48.5)

 

 Extreme poverty

5.6 (3.8–8.4)

5.1 (3.4–7.5)

5.1 (3.4–7.5)

 

Age Category

  

0.034

 20–34

40.3 (36.0–44.6)

38.7 (32.9–44.9)

41.7 (37.3–46.3)

 

 35–44

21.5 (19.1–24.1)

20.9 (17.3–25.1)

22.1 (20.1–24.2)

 

 45–54

17.0 (15.6–18.6)

17.4 (15.1–19.9)

16.7 (15.1–18.5)

 

 55–64

11.4 (10.1–12.8)

11.1 (9.6–12.9)

11.6 (10.1–13.4)

 

  ≥ 65

9.8 (8.0–11.8)

11.8 (9.7–14.4)

7.9 (6.3–9.8)

 

Locality

   

0.047

 Rural

19.3 (9.1–36.4)

17.7 (8.4–33.6)

20.8 (9.7–39.0)

 

 Urban

80.7 (63.6–90.9)

82.3 (66.4–91.6)

79.2 (61.0–90.3)

 

BMI Category4

  

0.008

 Underweight

4.3 (3.2–5.8)

3.5 (2.3–5.3)

5.1 (3.6–7.2)

 

 Normal Weight

36.6 (32.5–40.7)

36.2 (30.3–42.4)

36.9 (33.7–40.2)

 

 Overweight

34.5 (31.8–37.4)

38.2 (34.3–42.2)

31.2 (28.5–34.2)

 

 Obesity

24.6 (21.7–27.7)

22.2 (18.2–26.8)

26.7 (24.2–29.4)

 

Type 2 Diabetes5

13.3 (11.2–15.7)

15.9 (13.2–19.0)

10.9 (8.9–13.3)

< 0.001

Hypertension6

30.8 (27.7–34.0)

32.8 (29.2–37.2)

28.9 (25.7–32.2)

0.055

  1. *Estimates are weighted to be representative of Venezuelan adults over 20 years of age
  2. 1 P-values calculated using Pearson’s chi-square
  3. 2 n = unweighted sample size
  4. 3 SES was calculated using a version of the Graffar Scale modified for Venezuela [19], which combines income, profession, educational level, and housing conditions into a composite score
  5. 4 BMI was defined as weight (measured in kilograms) divided by height (measured in meters) squared, and classified as underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5 to < 25.0 kg/m2), overweight (25.0 to < 30.0 kg/m2), or obesity (≥30.0 kg/m2) [21]
  6. 5 Type 2 diabetes was defined by either: fasting plasma glucose was ≥126 mg/dL, 2-h after 75 g oral glucose tolerance test ≥200 mg/dL, or self-report of diabetes medications [24]
  7. 6 Hypertension was defined as having a systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or self-report of antihypertensive medication use [23]
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