Dietary intake and cardiometabolic risk factors among Venezuelan adults: a nationally representative analysis

BMC Nutrition

Table 3 Percent of Venezuelan adults consuming food groups by cardiometabolic risk status*

	Total	BMI Category¹					Type 2 Diabetes²			Hypertension³
	Total	Under-weight	Normal weight	Overweight	Obesity	P-value⁴	No	Yes	P-value⁴	No	Yes	P-value⁴
n⁵	3402	133	1198	1204	853		2790	601		1908	1493
DDS⁵						0.315			0.630			0.879
Mean (SE)	2.28 (0.07)	2.62 (0.17)	2.31 (0.08)	2.18 (0.08)	2.29 (0.08)		2.29 (0.06)	2.21 (0.14)		2.27 (0.07)	2.29 (0.08)
White Bread						0.405			0.456			0.605
Monthly	10%	8%	10%	10%	9%		10%	10%		10%	10%
Weekly	58%	57%	58%	61%	57%		59%	56%		59%	57%
Daily	32%	36%	33%	29%	35%		32%	35%		31%	34%
Red Meat						0.033			0.006			0.002
Monthly	19%	32%	18%	19%	17%		18%	24%		17%	22%
Weekly	74%	58%	76%	75%	75%		75%	72%		76%	70%
Daily	7%	10%	7%	6%	8%		7%	4%		7%	7%
Cookies						0.481			0.848			0.214
Monthly	28%	18%	28%	28%	30%		28%	29%		27%	30%
Weekly	53%	57%	54%	54%	50%		53%	52%		53%	53%
Daily	19%	25%	19%	18%	20%		19%	18%		20%	17%
Soft drinks						0.2916			< 0.001			< 0.001
Monthly	50%	51%	53%	50%	46%		48%	64%		46%	59%
Weekly	36%	29%	35%	37%	35%		38%	24%		38%	29%
Daily	14%	19%	13%	14%	14%		15%	13%		16%	11%
Arepas						0.013			0.025			0.043
Monthly	3%	1%	4%	2%	3%		3%	2%		3%	3%
Weekly	33%	25%	30%	33%	38%		32%	39%		31%	36%
Daily	64%	74%	66%	65%	59%		65%	60%		66%	61%
Coffee						0.789			0.009			0.075
Monthly	19%	18%	20%	17%	19%		20%	14%		20%	17%
Weekly	13%	15%	13%	12%	12%		13%	8%		14%	10%
Daily	69%	67%	67%	70%	69%		67%	78%		67%	73%
Cheese						0.451			0.0929			0.875
Monthly	5%	5%	6%	5%	4%		5%	4%		14%	11%
Weekly	37%	37%	40%	37%	35%		37%	42%		58%	57%
Daily	57%	58%	55%	58%	61%		58%	54%		29%	32%
Vegetables						0.011			0.478			0.5011
Monthly	12%	19%	14%	12%	7%		12%	11%		13%	11%
Weekly	58%	59%	55%	58%	60%		58%	56%		57%	58%
Daily	30%	22%	31%	30%	33%		30%	33%		30%	31%
Fruits						0.099			0.8128			0.4633
Monthly	18%	15%	19%	17%	19%		18%	17%		17%	20%
Weekly	61%	54%	58%	64%	61%		60%	62%		61%	59%
Daily	21%	31%	24%	18%	20%		21%	21%		22%	21%

^*All estimates are weighted for complex survey design
¹ BMI category was defined as weight (measured in kilograms) divided by height (measured in meters) squared, and classified as underweight (< 18.5 kg/m²), normal weight (18.5 to < 25.0 kg/m²), overweight (25.0 to < 30.0 kg/m²), or obesity (≥30.0 kg/m²) [21]
²Type 2 diabetes was defined by either: fasting plasma glucose was ≥126 mg/dL, 2-h after 75 g oral glucose tolerance test ≥200 mg/dL, or self-report of diabetes [24]
³Hypertension was defined as having a systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or self-report of antihypertensive medication use [23]
⁴For individual food groups, p-values were calculated using Pearson’s chi-square, weighted for complex survey design. For DDS, p-values were calculated using Somers’ D, weighted for complex survey design
⁵ n = unweighted sample size
⁶DDS was calculated as an amended minimum dietary diversity-women (MDD-W) score, where each food category was given a score of 0 if consumed weekly or less or 1 if at least one portion was consumed daily. A final score was created by summing all eight categories. Food groups included in each category are listed in Appendix 1 in Table 4. Jackknife SE is reported adjusted for the primary sampling unit, parish
Acronyms: BMI: body mass index, DDS: Dietary Diversity Score, SE: Standard error

ISSN: 2055-0928