No. | Author & date | Study design | Country | Setting | Sample size | Age range (years) | Gender | Outcome reported |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Baumgartner et al. 2013 [80] | Placebo-controlled, double-blind intervention trial. | South Africa | Rural, urban | 321 | 6–11 | Male, female | Morbidity |
2 | Craig et al. 2016 [50] | Cross-sectional survey | South Africa | Rural | 1519 | 7–15 | Male, female | Risk factors |
3 | Feeley et al. 2013 [61] | Longitudinal study | South Africa | Urban | 1298 | 13–17 | Male, female | Risk factors |
4 | Ginsburg et al. 2013 [72] | Longitudinal study | South Africa | Urban | 1613 | 15 | Male, female | Risk factors |
5 | Kimani-Murage et al. 2010 [92] | Cross-sectional survey | South Africa | Rural | 3511 | 1–20 | Male female | Risk factors, morbidity |
6 | Kimani-Murage et al. 2011 [76] | Cross-sectional survey | South Africa | Rural | 1848 | 10–20 | Male, female | Risk factors |
7 | Lesiapeto et al. 2016 [77] | Retrospective survey (Secondary data analysis) | South Africa | Rural | 2485 | <  5 | Male, female | Risk factors |
8 | Meko et al. 2015 [78] | Cross-sectional survey | South Africa | Urban | 415 | 13–15 | Male, female | Risk factors |
9 | Mokabane et al. 2014 [79] | Case study | South Africa | Peri-urban | 56 | 13–19 | Female | Risk factors |
10 | Munthali et al. 2016 [81] | Longitudinal study | South Africa | Urban | 1824 | 5–18 | Male, female | Morbidity |
11 | Negash et al. 2017 [93] | Cross-sectional survey | South Africa | Urban | 1559 | 7–18 | Male, female | Risk factor, morbidity |
12 | Pienaar 2015 [29] | Longitudinal study | South Africa | Rural, urban | 574 | 6–9 | Male, female | Risk factors |
13 | Pisa et al. 2015 [30] | Cross-sectional survey | South Africa | Rural | 388 | 11–15 | Male, female | Risk factors |
14 | Pretorius et al. 2019 [31] | Cross-sectional survey | South Africa | Rural, urban | 1785 | 6–12 | Male, female | Risk factors |
15 | Reddy et al. 2012 [32] | Cross-sectional survey | South Africa | Rural, urban | 4010 | Mean = 16.5 | Male, female | Risk factors |
16 | Sedibe et al. 2018 [33] | Cross-sectional survey | South Africa | Rural, urban | 3490 | 11–15 | Male, female | Risk factors |
17 | Steyn et al. 2011 [34] | Retrospective survey (Secondary data analysis) | South Africa | Rural, urban | 2469 | 1–9 | Male, female | Risk factors |
18 | Symington et al. 2016 [35] | Retrospective survey (Secondary data analysis) | South Africa | Rural, urban | 519 | 3–9 | Male, female | Risk factors |
19 | Zeelie et al. 2010 [84] | Cross-sectional survey | South Africa | Rural, Urban | 232 | 5–19 | Male, female | Morbidity |
20 | Adegoke et al. 2009 [36] | Cross-sectional survey | Nigeria | Semi-urban | 720 | 6–18 | Male, female | Risk factors |
21 | Adesina et al. 2012 [37] | Cross-sectional survey | Nigeria | Urban | 960 | 10–19 | Male, female | Risk factors |
22 | Akodu et al. 2012 [38] | Cross-sectional survey | Nigeria | Urban | 160 | 2–15 | Male, female | Risk factors |
23 | Ene-Obong et al. 2012 [40] | Cross-sectional survey | Nigeria | Urban | 1599 | 5–18 | Male, female | Risk factors |
24 | Maruf et al. 2013 [41] | Cross-sectional survey | Nigeria | Urban | 9014 | 2–18 | Male, female | Risk factors |
25 | Musa et al. 2012 [42] | Cross-sectional survey | Nigeria | Rural, urban | 3240 | 9–16 | Male, female | Risk factors |
26 | Nwaiwu et al. 2015 [85] | Cross-sectional survey | Nigeria | Not specified | 406 | 2–15 | Male, female | Morbidity |
27 | Oduwole et al. 2012 [86] | Cross-sectional survey | Nigeria | Urban | 885 | 9–18 | Male, female | Morbidity |
28 | Omisore et al. 2015 [87] | Cross-sectional survey | Nigeria | Not specified | 1000 | 10–19 | Male, female | Morbidity |
29 | Omuemu et al. 2010 [43] | Cross-sectional survey | Nigeria | Urban | 300 | 10–19 | Male, female | Risk factors |
30 | Opara et al. 2010 [44] | Cross-sectional survey | Nigeria | Rural, urban | 985 | 2.5–14 | Male, female | Risk factors |
31 | Senbanjo et al. 2010 [45] | Cross-sectional survey | Nigeria | Urban | 570 | 5–19 | Male, female | Risk factors |
32 | Senbanjo et al. 2012 [88] | Cross-sectional survey | Nigeria | Urban | 423 | 10–19 | Male, female | Morbidity |
33 | Uwaezuoke et al. 2016 [89] | Cross-sectional survey | Nigeria | Urban | 2419 | 10–19 | Male, female | Morbidity |
34 | Mekonnen et al. 2018 [46] | Cross-sectional survey | Ethiopia | Rural, urban | 634 | 6–12 | Male, female | Risk factors |
35 | Moges et al. 2018 [47] | Cross-sectional survey | Ethiopia | Urban | 1276 | 10–19 | Male, female | Risk factors |
36 | Sorrie et al. 2017 [48] | Cross-sectional survey | Ethiopia | Urban | 504 | 3–5 | Male, female | Risk factors |
37 | Tadesse et al. 2017 [49] | Cross-sectional survey | Ethiopia | Urban | 462 | 3–6 | Male, female | Risk factors |
38 | Teshome et al. 2013 [51] | Cross-sectional survey | Ethiopia | Urban | 559 | 10–19 | Male, female | Risk factors |
39 | Wakayo et al. 2016 [52] | Cross-sectional survey | Ethiopia | Rural, urban | 174 | 11–18 | Male, female | Risk factors |
40 | Adamo et al. 2011 [53] | Cross-sectional survey | Kenya | Rural, urban | 179 | 9–13 | Male, female | Risk factors |
41 | Gewa, 2010 [39] | DHS | Kenya | Rural, urban | 1495 | 3–5 | Male, female | Risk factors |
42 | Kimani-Murage et al. 2015 [54] | Cross-sectional survey | Kenya | Urban | 3335 | <  5 | Male, female | Risk factors |
43 | Muthuri et al. 2014 [55] | Cross-sectional survey | Kenya | Urban | 563 | 9–13 | Male, female | Risk factors |
44 | Wachira et al. 2018 [56] | Cross-sectional survey | Kenya | Urban | 563 | 9–11 | Male, female | Risk factors |
45 | Choukem et al. 2017 [57] | Cross-sectional Survey | Cameroon | Urban | 1343 | 3–13 | Male, female | Risk factors |
46 | Chedjou-Nono et al. 2017 [90] | Cross-sectional survey | Cameroon | urban | 38 cases: 38 controls | 3–17 | Male, female | Morbidity |
47 | Navti et al. 2014 [58] | Cross-sectional survey | Cameroon | Rural, urban | 557 | 5–12 | Male, female | Risk factors |
48 | Tchoubi et al. 2015 [59] | Retrospective survey (Secondary data analysis) | Cameroon | Rural, urban | 4518 | <  5 | Male, female | Risk factors |
49 | Mosha et al. 2010 [60] | Cross-sectional survey | Tanzania | Urban | 428 | 6–12 | Male, female | Risk factors |
50 | Muhihi et al. 2013 [94] | Cross-sectional survey | Tanzania | Rural, urban | 446 | 6–17 | Male, female | Risk factors, morbidity |
51 | Mushengezi et al. 2014 [91] | Cross-sectional survey | Tanzania | Urban | 582 | 12–19 | Male, female | morbidity |
52 | Mwaikambo et al. 2015 [62] | Cross-sectional survey | Tanzania | Urban | 1722 | 7–14 | Male, female | Risk factors |
53 | Adom et al. 2019 [63] | Cross-sectional survey | Ghana | Urban | 543 | 8–11 | Male, female | Risk factors |
54 | Mohammed et al. 2012 [64] | Cross-sectional survey | Ghana | Urban | 270 | 5–15 | Male, female | Risk factors |
55 | Nagwa et al. 2011 [65] | Cross-sectional survey | Sudan | Urban | 1138 | 10–18 | Male, female | Risk factors |
56 | Salman et al. 2011 [82] | Cross-sectional survey | Sudan | Urban | 304 | 6–12 | Male, female | Morbidity |
57 | Christoph et al. 2017 [66] | Cross-sectional survey | Uganda | Rural, urban | 148 | 11–16 | Male, female | Risk factors |
58 | Turi et al. 2013 [67] | Retrospective survey (Secondary data analysis) | Uganda | Rural, urban | 1099 | <  5 | Male, female | Risk factors |
59 | Wrotniak et al. 2012 [68] | Cross-sectional survey | Botswana | Rural, urban | 707 | 12–18 | Male, female | Risk factors |
60 | Juwara et al. 2016 [69] | Cross-sectional survey | Gambia | Urban | 960 | 13–15 | Male, female | Risk factors |
61 | Van den Berg et al. 2014 [70] | Cross-sectional survey | Lesotho | Urban | 221 | 16 | Male, female | Risk factors |
62 | Caleyachetty et al. 2012 [71] | Cross-sectional survey | Mauritius | Rural, urban | 241 | 9–10 | Male, female | Risk factors |
63 | Dos Santos et al. 2015 [83] | Cross-sectional survey | Mozambique | Urban, suburban | 323 | 10–15 | Male, female | Morbidity |
64 | Bovet et al. 2010 [73] | Cross-sectional survey | Seychelles | Rural, urban | 8462 | Mean ages; 9.2, 12.6 and 15.3 years | Male, female | Risk factors |
65 | Sagbo et al. 2018 [74] | Cross-sectional survey | Togo | Urban | 634 | 8–17 | Male, female | Risk factors |
66 | Kambondo et al. 2018 [75] | Cross-sectional survey | Zimbabwe | Rural, urban | 974 | 6–12 | Male, female | Risk factors |
67 | Peltzer et al. 2011 [27] | Retrospective survey (Secondary data analysis) | Ghana, Uganda | Not specified | 5613 | 13–15 | Male, female | Risk factors |
68 | Manyanga et al. 2014 [28] | Cross-sectional survey | Benin, Ghana, Mauritania, Malawi | Not specified | 23,496 | 11–17 | Male, female | Risk factors |