Table 4 Crude and adjusted factors associated with anthropometric failure among children under 5 years of age in Tanzanian Demographic and Health Surveys (2005–2015)
|  | TDHS 2014–15 | TDHS 2010 | TDHS 2004–05 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | PR | Adjusted PR | PR | Adjusted PR | PR | Adjusted PR |
(95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |
Residence | ||||||
 Urban | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | NA |
 Rural | 1.39(1.29–1.51)*** | 1.11(1.01–1.21)* | 1.36(1.25–1.47)*** | 1.12(1.01–1.23)* | 1.36(1.25–1.49)* |  |
Mothers BMI | ||||||
 Underweight | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |  |
 Normal | 0.86(0.78–0.94)** | 0.86(0.79–0.95)** | 0.82(0.76–0.88)*** | 0.85(0.79–0.92)*** | 0.87(0.81–0.95)*** | 0.88(0.82–0.95)** |
 Overweight | 0.72(0.64–0.79)*** | 0.79(0.71–0.88)*** | 0.69(0.62–0.76)*** | 0.78(0.70–0.86)*** | 0.64(0.56–0.73)*** | 0.74(0.65–0.84)*** |
 Obesity | 0.52(0.45–0.61)** | 0.65(0.56–0.76)*** | 0.51(0.42–0.61)*** | 0.61(0.51–0.74)*** | 0.48(0.38–0.60)*** | 0.66(0.53–0.82)*** |
Mothers age at first birth | ||||||
  < 15 | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | NA |
 15–29 | 0.86(0.74–1.00) |  | 0.99(0.85–1.16) |  | 0.94(0.81–1.08) |  |
 30–50 | 0.80(0.59–1.08) |  | 0.90(0.64–1.27) |  | 0.90(0.63–1.30) |  |
Number of birth in the five years | ||||||
 One | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | NA |
 Two | 1.03(0.97–1.09) |  | 1.1(1.04–1.16)** |  | 1.01(0.96–1.08) |  |
 Three and above | 1.03(0.95–1.13) |  | 1.05(0.96–1.14) |  | 0.90(0.82–0.99) |  |
Gender of the head of the household | Â | Â | Â | Â | NA | |
 Male | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 |  |
 Female | 1.06(0.99–1.14) |  | 1.01(0.94–1.09) |  | 1.09(1.02–1.17)* |  |
Age of the head of the household | ||||||
 15 to 29 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 30 to 49 | 0.91(0.85–0.98)* | 0.92(0.85–0.98)* | 0.98(0.91–1.05) |  | 0.93(0.86–0.99)* | 0.92(0.86–0.98)* |
 Above 50 | 0.88(0.81–0.95)** | 0.85(0.78–0.92)*** | 0.92(0.85–1.00) |  | 0.94(0.86–1.02) | 0.91(0.84–0.98)* |
Mother education | ||||||
 No education | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 |  |
 Primary | 0.92(0.86–0.97)** | 0.96(0.91–1.03) | 0.94(0.88–0.99)* |  | 0.89(0.84–0.95)*** | 0.99(0.93–1.05) |
 Secondary | 0.69(0.63–0.75)*** | 0.86(0.77–0.96)** | 0.68(0.61–0.76)*** |  | 0.59(0.52–0.69)*** | 0.85(0.73–0.98)* |
 Higher | 0.26(0.14–0.49)*** | 0.43(0.23–0.82)* | 0.45(0.19–1.07) |  | 0.20(0.11–0.39)*** | 0.40(0.21–0.76)** |
Mothers marriage | ||||||
 Single | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Married | 0.95(0.84–1.07) | 0.84(0.74–0.96)** | 1.06(0.92–1.22) |  | 0.91(0.79–1.05) | 0.85(0.74–0.96)* |
 Separated | 1.04(0.90–1.20) | 0.90(0.78–1.04) | 1.09(0.93–1.29) |  | 1.06(0.90–1.24) | 0.92(0.79–1.07) |
Wealth status | ||||||
 Poorest | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Poorer | 1.01(0.93–1.08) | 0.99(0.92–1.06) | 0.92(0.85–0.98)* | 0.94(0.87–1.00) | 0.96(0.89–1.03) | 0.96(0.89–1.03) |
 Middle | 1.01(0.94–1.09) | 1.02(0.95–1.11) | 0.88(0.83–0.95)** | 0.93(0.86–0.99)* | 0.89(0.83–0.96)** | 0.92(0.86–0.99)* |
 Richer | 0.79(0.73–0.86)*** | 0.86(0.79–0.94)** | 0.78(0.72–0.84)*** | 0.87(0.78–0.95)** | 0.79(0.73–0.86)*** | 0.85(0.78–0.92)*** |
Richest | 0.68(0.53–0.65)*** | 0.74(0.64–0.84)*** | 0.62(0.56–0.68)*** | 0.79(0.69–0.91)** | 0.44(0.39–0.49)*** | 0.53(0.46–0.61)*** |
Age of child (months) | ||||||
  < 6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 6 to 23 | 1.51(1.34–1.71)*** | 1.48(1.31–1.67)*** | 1.65(1.46–1.88)*** | 1.64(1.44–1.86)*** | 4.99(3.96–6.28)*** | 4.61(3.66–5.80)*** |
 24–35 | 1.89(1.67–2.13)*** | 1.86(1.64–2.11)*** | 1.99(1.75–2.26)*** | 1.98(1.74–2.25)*** | 5.14(4.07–6.49)*** | 4.97(3.92–6.27)*** |
  > 35 | 1.59(1.41–1.79)*** | 1.59(1.40–1.81)*** | 1.61(1.42–1.82)*** | 1.57(1.37–1.80)*** | 5.13(4.07–6.46)*** | 4.99(3.96–6.27)*** |
Gender of children | ||||||
 Male | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Female | 0.88(0.83–0.93)*** | 0.87(0.83–0.92)*** | 0.85(0.81–0.89)*** | 0.84(0.80–0.88)*** | 0.94(0.89–0.99)* | 0.95(0.89–0.99)* |
Birth weight | ||||||
 Above 2500 g | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Below 2500 g | 1.64(1.48–1.81)*** | 1.65(1.48–1.82)*** | 1.47(1.31–1.66)*** | 1.51(1.34–1.69)*** | 1.65(1.47–1.85)*** | 1.59(1.42–1.79)*** |
Mother’s employment | ||||||
 Not working | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | NA |
 Last year | 0.99(0.86–1.15) |  | 0.88(0..70–1.09) |  | 1.19(1.01–1.41)* |  |
 Working currently | 1.10(1.02–1.18)* |  | 1.08(1.00–1.17)* |  | 1.32(1.21–1.46)*** |  |
Place of delivery | ||||||
 Health facility | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 At home | 1.19(1.13–1.26)*** |  | 1.18(1.13–1.25)*** |  | 1.27(1.20–1.35)*** | 1.16(1.06–1.27)*** |
 Other places | 1.00(0.79–1.25) |  | 1.24(1.00–1.53)* |  | 0.68(0.12–3.76) | 0.69(0.16–3.03) |
Presence of diarrhea | ||||||
 No | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Yes | 1.05(0.97–1.14) |  | 1.06(0.98–1.14) |  | 1.21(1.13–1.29)*** | 1.12(1.04–1.20)** |
Symptoms of fever | ||||||
 No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Yes | 1.10(1.03–1.18)** | 1.07(1.00–1.14)* | 1.03(0.97–1.09) |  | 1.17(1.11–1.24)*** | 1.08(1.02–1.15)** |
Starting of breastfeeding | ||||||
 Within an hour | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | NA | 1.0 | NA |
 After an hour | 1.0(0.94–1.07) |  | 1.05(0.98–1.13) |  | 1.11(1.04–1.17)** |  |
 After one day | 1.10(1.03–1.17)** |  | 1.15(1.08–1.23)*** |  | 1.12(1.02–1.24)* |  |