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Table 3 Characteristics of adult subjects who did or did not consume at least 60% of their daily energy intake by 16:00

From: Association of meal timing with dietary quality in a Serbian population sample

Characteristic

Early eaters

N = 133

Late eaters

N = 127

P-value

Percent of calories consumed by 16:00

75 (9)

46 (12)

< 0.001 a

Total calorie intake, kcal/d

2135 (880)

2402 (1076)

0.029

Age, years

47.1 (16.6)

39.6 (15.2)

< 0.001 a

Female, number and %

72 (51%)

70 (48%)

0.874

Employed outside the home, number and %

78 (59%)

75 (59%)

0.764

BMI, kg/m2 (all data)

25.7 (3.7)

24.8 (4.4)

0.111

BMI, kg/m2 (measured only, n = 83 early, n = 68 late eaters)

25.6 (3.6)

24.5 (4.2)

0.103

Overweight or obese, number and %

51 (38%)

67 (53%)

0.153

Number of eating occasions/day

6.1 (1.1)

6.2 (1.0)

0.733

Energy density (kcal/gram food)

0.87 (0.28)

0.92 (0.35)

0.219

Fruits and vegetables, g/day

521 (332)

425 (242)

0.008 a

Fiber, g/1000 kcal

11.7 (7.1)

10.2 (5.5)

0.065

Saturated fat, % of energy

13.3 (4.7)

13.3 (4.3)

0.893

Sugar, % of energy

13.4 (8.3)

13.1 (6.2)

0.748

Sodium, g/day

4.1 (3.6)

3.9 (2.3)

0.636

Diet Quality Score of 4–5, number and % b

40 (30%)

26 (21%)

0.075

Diet Quality Z-score c

−1.76 (2.48)

−2.23 (1.87)

0.089

  1. a The p-values shown are from two-sample t-tests or from the Chi-square test for gender and number of people with a Diet Quality Score of 4 or 5. After adjustment for false discovery rates, p < 0.01 remained statistically significant
  2. b The Diet Quality Score (DQS) enumerates how many EU dietary recommendations were met on a scale of 0 to 5. The five dietary recommendations included in the score were fruit and vegetable servings, saturated fat, sodium, sugar and fiber
  3. c Each component of the DQS was z-transformed and summed to create a continuous variable