From: Association of meal timing with dietary quality in a Serbian population sample
Characteristic | Early eaters N = 133 | Late eaters N = 127 | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Percent of calories consumed by 16:00 | 75 (9) | 46 (12) | < 0.001 a |
Total calorie intake, kcal/d | 2135 (880) | 2402 (1076) | 0.029 |
Age, years | 47.1 (16.6) | 39.6 (15.2) | < 0.001 a |
Female, number and % | 72 (51%) | 70 (48%) | 0.874 |
Employed outside the home, number and % | 78 (59%) | 75 (59%) | 0.764 |
BMI, kg/m2 (all data) | 25.7 (3.7) | 24.8 (4.4) | 0.111 |
BMI, kg/m2 (measured only, n = 83 early, n = 68 late eaters) | 25.6 (3.6) | 24.5 (4.2) | 0.103 |
Overweight or obese, number and % | 51 (38%) | 67 (53%) | 0.153 |
Number of eating occasions/day | 6.1 (1.1) | 6.2 (1.0) | 0.733 |
Energy density (kcal/gram food) | 0.87 (0.28) | 0.92 (0.35) | 0.219 |
Fruits and vegetables, g/day | 521 (332) | 425 (242) | 0.008 a |
Fiber, g/1000 kcal | 11.7 (7.1) | 10.2 (5.5) | 0.065 |
Saturated fat, % of energy | 13.3 (4.7) | 13.3 (4.3) | 0.893 |
Sugar, % of energy | 13.4 (8.3) | 13.1 (6.2) | 0.748 |
Sodium, g/day | 4.1 (3.6) | 3.9 (2.3) | 0.636 |
Diet Quality Score of 4–5, number and % b | 40 (30%) | 26 (21%) | 0.075 |
Diet Quality Z-score c | −1.76 (2.48) | −2.23 (1.87) | 0.089 |