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Table 1 Demographic profile of SAGE GHA W3 survey participants and subsample with valid urine data (urine data considered valid if volume ≥ 300 ml)

From: Salt and potassium intake among adult Ghanaians: WHO-SAGE Ghana Wave 3

 

Main SAGE cohort (n = 3053)

Salt sub study sample (n = 839)

P-value

Age

 Years

60 (20)

60 (19)

0.3294

 18–49 years, n (%)

717 (23.5)

174 (20.7)

0.0100

 50 plus years, n (%)

2336 (76.5)

665 (79.3)

0.4494

Sex, n (%)

  

0.001

 Men

1183 (38.8)

371 (32.3)

 

 Women

1870 (61.2)

568 (67.7)

 

Ethnicity, n (%)

  

< 0.0001

 Akan

1544 (50.6)

497 (59.2)

 

 Ewe

216 (7.1)

58 (6.9)

 

 Ga-Adangbe

224 (7.3)

45 (5.4)

 

 Gruma

30 (1.0)

6 (0.7)

 

 Grusi

76 (2.5)

12 (1.4)

 

 Guan

38 (1.2)

16 (1.9)

 

 Mande-Busanga

63 (2.1)

3 (0.4)

 

 Mole-Dagbon

174 (5.7)

24 (2.9)

 

 Other

612 (20.0)

174 (20.7)

 

Residence, n (%)

  

< 0.0001

 Urban

1301 (42.6)

457 (54.5)

 

 Rural

1752 (57.4)

382 (45.5)

 

Marital status, n (%)

  

0.002

 Never married

208 (6.8)

39 (4.6)

 

 Married/cohabiting

1760 (57.7)

470 (56.0)

 

 Separate/divorced

369 (12.1)

87 (10.4)

 

 Widowed

715 (23.4)

243 (29.0)

 

Never been to school, n (%)

1119 (36.7)

240 (28.6)

< 0.0001

Education (years)

10 (5)

10 (5)

0.0139

BMI kg/m2

24.2 (6.8)

25.4 (7.4)

< 0.01

Waist to height ratio

0.54 (0.11)

0.56 (0.13)

< 0.01

Never used alcohol, n (%)

1865 (61.3)

483 (57.6)

0.052

Never used tobacco, n (%)

2739 (90.0)

759 (90.5)

0.68

Systolic BP (mm Hg)

124 (26.5)

126.5 (29)

< 0.01

Diastolic BP (mm Hg)

76 (17)

76.5 (17)

0.83

Mean Arterial Pressure (Map) mmHG

92.5 (19.2)

93.2 (20.7)

0.24

Hypertension, n(%)

1132 (37.6)

370 (44.3)

< 0.01

Diabetes, n(%)

157 (5.2)

67 (8.0)

0.01

Portions of fruit, n(%)

  

0.05

Met WHO’s recommendation of at least 5 servings of friuts and vegetables

1591 (57.4)

442 (54.5)

0.14

Frequently add salt to food at table, n(%)

642 (21.1)

107 (12.7)

< 0.01

Frequently add salt to food during cooking, n(%)

2527 (83.0)

672 (80.1)

0.05

Believe they consume too much salt, n(%)

265 (8.8)

92 (11.0)

0.05

Believe a high salt diet is bad for health, n(%)

2247 (75.9)

651 (80.0)

0.02

Regularly control of salt intake, n(%)

1243 (42.1)

394 (48.5)

< 0.01

  1. Nested sub sample: all respondent with CAPI data and valid urine, sex and age recorded. Some variables may contain missing data. Data are presented as median (IRQ) unless otherwise indicated. Hypertensive by measured BP ≥ 140 and/or 90 mmHg or previous diagnosis (self-reported). Ethnicity, marital status, education, alcohol/tobacco use and diabetes prevalence by self-report. Mann-Whitney Test used to compare medians, Pearson Chi-Square test and Fisher’s Exact Test used to compare proportional data