Table 2 Nested cohort by salt excretion levels, low, medium and high salt groups, WHO – SAGE Ghana Wave 3 (2019)
From: Salt and potassium intake among adult Ghanaians: WHO-SAGE Ghana Wave 3
Characteristics | Low salt < 5 g/d (n = 186) | Medium salt 5-9 g/d (n = 269) | High salt > 9 g/d (n = 378) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age yrs | 64 (20) | 60 (17) | 58 (18) | < 0.01 |
Sex male, n (%) | n = 185 73 (39.5) | n = 269 90 (33.5) | n = 378 105 (27.8) | 0.02 |
Ethnicity n (%) | n = 184 | n = 268 | n = 376 | 0.03 |
Akan | 122 (66.3) | 168 (62.7) | 203 (54.0) | |
Ga | 7 (3.8) | 11 (4.1) | 27 (7.2) | |
Ewe | 14 (7.6) | 18 (6.7) | 24 (6.4) | |
Mole-dagbon | 5 (2.7) | 6 (2.2) | 13 (3.5) | |
Mole-busanga | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.5) | |
Grusi | 3 (1.6) | 3 (1.1) | 6 (1.6) | |
Guan | 0 (0.0%) | 11 (4.1%) | 5 (1.3) | |
Gruma | 1 (0.5) | 3 (1.1) | 2 (0.5) | |
Other | 31 (16.8) | 48 (17.9) | 94 (25.0) | |
Urban n (%) | n = 185 102 (55.1) | n = 269 149 (55.4) | n = 378 200 (52.9) | 0.79 |
Education (years) | n = 118 10 (5) | n = 179 10 (3) | n = 250 10 (5) | 0.07 |
BMI, kg/m2 | n = 179 23.8 (6.5)a | n = 258 25.5 (7.8) | n = 356 26.2 (7.5)a | < 0.01 |
Salt intake g/d | n = 186 3.6 (1.5)ab | n = 269 6.7 (2.0)ac | n = 371 13.4 (8.9)bc | < 0.01 |
K intake, mmol/d | n = 186 32.0 (25.8)ab | n = 269 54.9 (43.8)ac | n = 378 112.3 (115.8)bc | < 0.01 |
Na: K | n = 186 1.7 (1.2)ab | n = 269 2.0 (1.4)ac | n = 378 2.3 (1.9)bc | < 0.01 |
Urinary iodine excretion, mmol/day | n = 150 166.2 (168.5)b | n = 211 148.2 (131.4)a | n = 292 117.6 (132.8)ab | < 0.01 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | n = 186 129 (31.0) | n = 266 126 (31.0) | n = 375 126.5 (29.0) | 0.73 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | n = 188 76 (18.0) | n = 270 75.5 (17) | n = 379 77.5 (117.0) | 0.68 |
Pulse pressure, mmHg | n = 186 50.5 (16.7) | n = 266 49.5 (17.6) | n = 375 49.5 (16) | 0.20 |
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), mmHg | n = 185 94.2 (21.3) | n = 266 110 (41.0) | n = 376 93.5 (19.4) | 0.85 |
Hypertension Prevalence, n (%) | n = 186 94 (50.5) | n = 268 110 (41.0) | n = 378 166 (44.3) | 0.13 |
Hypertension awareness, n (% of hypertension prevalence) | n = 94 51 (54.8) | n = 110 62 (55.4) | n = 166 108 (65.1) | 0.16 |
Hypertension medication, current use n (% of hypertension awareness) | n = 51 31 (60.8) | n = 62 47 (75.8) | n = 108 74 (68.5) | 0.23 |
Hypertension control, n (% of Hypertension medication) | n = 31 16 (51.6) | n = 47 22 (46.8) | n = 74 39 (52.7) | 0.82 |
Stroke, n (%) | n = 185 6 (3.2) | n = 269 6 (2.2) | n = 378 6 (1.6) | 0.44 |
Diabetes, n (%) | n = 185 10 (5.4) | n = 269 24 (8.9) | n = 378 32 (8.5) | 0.37 |
Tobacco use, n (%) | n = 182 25 (13.7) | n = 269 25 (9.3) | n = 378 29 (7.7) | 0.72 |
Alcohol use, n (%) | n = 182 80 (44.0) | n = 269 115 (42.8) | n = 378 156 (41.3) | 0.82 |
Fruits and Veg., met recommendation n (%) | n = 186 97 (52.2) | n = 269 152 (56.5) | n = 378 193 (51.1) | 0.38 |
Frequently adds salt to food at the table, n (%) | n = 158 24 (13) | n = 269 35 (13) | n = 279 (12.4) | 0.65 |
Frequently adds salt to cooking at home, n (%) | n = 185 149 (80.5) | n = 296 225 (83.6) | n = 378 291 (77) | 0.05 |
Believe that they are eating just the right amount of salt n (%) | n = 185 105 (56.8) | n = 267 169 (63.3) | n = 376 228 (60.6) | 0.18 |
Believe a high salt diet can cause a serious health problem, n (%) | n = 180 144 (80.0) | n = 259 207 (79.9) | n = 368 296 (80.4) | 0.99 |
Does something to control salt consumption, n (%) | n = 183 82 (44.8) | n = 260 126 (48.5) | n = 363 182 (50.1) | 0.50 |