Table 1 Distribution of demographic characteristics among pregnant women with GDM and without GDM (N = 1777)
Characteristics of the cohort | Categories | GDM status | Total | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 313) | No (n = 1464) | N (%) | |||
Age (years) | Mean ± SD | 25.9 ± 4.4 | 24.0 ± 4.0 | 24.3 ± 4.1 | < 0.001* |
Gestational age at baseline (weeks) | Mean ± SD | 23.9 ± 5.4 | 23.8 ± 5.4 | 23.8 ± 5.3 | 0.95 |
Gestational age at the time of OGTT weeks) | Mean ± SD | 28.1 ± 2.6 | 28.1 ± 2.9 | 28.1 ± 2.9 | 0.90 |
Religion | Hinduism | 142(45.4) | 677(46.2) | 819 (46.0) | 0.95 |
Christianity | 12(3.6) | 53(3.7) | 65 (3.7) | ||
Islam | 159(50.8) | 734(50.1) | 893 (50.3) | ||
Participant Education | Illiterate | 12(3.8) | 43(2.9) | 55(3.1) | 0.06 |
Primary School | 21(6.7) | 78(5.3) | 99(5.6) | ||
Middle School | 43(13.7) | 267(18.2) | 310(17.4) | ||
High School | 134(42.8) | 641(43.8) | 775(43.6) | ||
PUC or Diplomaa | 64(20.4) | 309(21.1) | 373(21.0) | ||
Graduate and above | 39(12.5) | 126(8.6) | 165(9.2) | ||
Husband’s Education | Illiterate | 28(8.9) | 139(9.5) | 167(9.4) | 0.41 |
Primary School | 27(8.6) | 150(10.2) | 177(10.0) | ||
Middle School | 57(18.2) | 281(19.2) | 338(19.0) | ||
High School | 124(39.6) | 559(38.2) | 683(38.4) | ||
PUC or Diplomaa | 59(18.8) | 214(14.6) | 273(15.4) | ||
Graduate and above | 18(5.8) | 115(7.9) | 133(7.5) | ||
Do not know | 0(0.0) | 6(0.4) | 6(0.3) | ||
Participant’s Occupationb | Unemployed | 283(90.4) | 1361(93.0) | 1644(92.5) | 0.10 |
Unskilled | 15(4.8) | 70(4.8) | 85(4.8) | ||
Semi-skilled/ Skilled | 15(4.8) | 33(2.3) | 48(2.7) | ||
Husband’s Occupationb | Unemployed | 1(0.3) | 4(0.3) | 5(0.3) | 0.30 |
Unskilled | 155(49.5) | 776(53.0) | 931(52.4) | ||
Semi-skilled | 88(28.1) | 405(27.7) | 488(27.5) | ||
Skilled | 60(19.2) | 223(15.2) | 283(15.9) | ||
Clerical or Professional | 14(4.5) | 56(3.8) | 70(4.0) | ||
Socioeconomic class | Lower | 177(56.5) | 937(64.0) | 1114 (62.7) | 0.01* |
Middle | 136(43.5) | 527(36.0) | 663 (37.3) | ||
Gravida | One | 105(33.5) | 588(40.2) | 693(39.0) | 0.10 |
Two | 129(41.2) | 546(37.3) | 675(38.0) | ||
Three or more | 79(25.2) | 330(22.5) | 409(23.0) | ||
Parity | Nulliparous | 133(42.5) | 666(45.5) | 799 (45.0) | 0.62 |
Primiparous | 143(45.7) | 637(43.5) | 780(43.9) | ||
Multiparous | 37(11.8) | 161(11.0) | 198(11.1) | ||
History of Abortion | No history | 230(73.5) | 1154(78.8) | 1384(77.9) | 0.07 |
Once | 68(21.7) | 252(17.2) | 320(18.0) | ||
≥ twice | 15(4.8) | 58(4.0) | 73(4.1) | ||
Anemia | Present | 127(40.6) | 645(44.1) | 772(43.5) | 0.24 |
Absent | 186(59.4) | 815(55.7) | 1001(56.3) | ||
Family history of Diabetes Mellitus | Absent | 197(62.9) | 1134(77.5) | 1331(75.0) | < 0.001* |
One parent | 92(29.4) | 286(19.5) | 378(21.3) | ||
Two parents | 24(7.7) | 40(2.7) | 64(3.6) | ||
Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) | Low | 8(2.6) | 35(2.4) | 43(2.4) | 0.8 |
Moderate | 305(97.4) | 1429(97.6) | 1734(97.6) | ||
Sum of skin fold thickness (mm) | Mean ± SD | 18.4 ± 4.7 | 15.3 ± 4.6 | 15.9 ± 4.8 | < 0.001* |
Body mass index (BMI) | Mean ± SD | 27.3 ± 5.2 | 24.4 ± 4.3 | 24.9 ± 4.6 | < 0.001* |