Table 2 Univariate analysis of dietary habits with GDM status of pregnant women (N = 1777)
Dietary habit | Categories | GDM status | Total | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 313) | No (n = 1464) | n(%) | |||
Red meat consumption | Never | 73(23.2) | 420(28.7) | 493(27.7) | 0.02* |
< 1 per month | 13(4.1) | 27(1.8) | 40(2.3) | ||
1–3 times /month | 53(17.2) | 190(12.9) | 243(13.7) | ||
1–3 times/week | 153(48.7) | 745(50.8) | 898(50.5) | ||
> 3 times / week | 10(3.2) | 36(2.4) | 46(2.6) | ||
Daily | 11(3.5) | 46(3.1) | 57(3.2) | ||
Fried food | Never | 105(33.8) | 470 (32.1) | 575(32.4) | 0.96 |
< 1 per week | 93(29.6) | 448(30.6) | 541(30.4) | ||
1–3 times a week | 101(32.2) | 470(32.1) | 571(32.1) | ||
4 to 6 times a week | 5(1.6) | 25(1.7) | 30(1.7) | ||
Daily | 9(2.9) | 51(3.4) | 60(3.4) | ||
Eating out | Never | 178(57.0) | 821(56.0) | 999(56.2) | 0.96 |
< 1 per week | 87(27.7) | 428(29.2) | 515(29.0) | ||
1–3 times a week | 46(14.6) | 205(14.0) | 251(14.1) | ||
4 to 6 times a week | 1(0.3) | 7(0.4) | 8(0.5) | ||
Daily | 1(0.3) | 3(0.2) | 4(0.2) | ||
Fruits | Never | 5(1.6) | 38(2.5) | 43(2.4) | 0.22 |
<  1 serving /day | 112(35.7) | 476(32.5) | 588(33.1) | ||
2–4 servings / day | 167(53.5) | 757(51.7) | 924(52.0) | ||
5–6 servings / day | 16(5.1) | 92(6.2) | 108(6.1) | ||
>  6 servings / day | 13(4.1) | 101(6.8) | 114(6.4) | ||
Vegetables | Never | 7(2.2) | 33(2.2) | 40(2.3) | 0.30 |
<  1 serving /day | 90(28.7) | 444(30.3) | 534(30.1) | ||
2–4 servings / day | 186(59.6) | 794(54.2) | 980(55.1) | ||
5–6 servings /day | 17(5.4) | 93(6.3) | 110(6.2) | ||
> 6 serving /day | 13(4.1) | 100(6.8) | 113(6.4) | ||
Polished Rice | No | 29(9.2) | 109(7.4) | 138(7.8) | 0.28 |
Yes | 284(90.8) | 1355(92.5) | 1639(92.2) | ||
Palm oil for cooking | Sunflower | 267(85.3%) | 1186(81%) | 1453(81.8%) | 0.08 |
Palm | 25(8%) | 183(12.5%) | 208(11.7%) | ||
Others a | 21(6.7%) | 95(6.5%) | 116(6.5%) | ||
Coffee | Never | 224(71.3) | 997(68.1) | 1221(68.7) | 0.47 |
1–2 cups a day | 86(27.70) | 453(30.9) | 539(30.3) | ||
> 2 cups a day | 3(1.0) | 14(1.0) | 17(1.0) | ||
Tea | Never | 156(50.0) | 760(51.9) | 916(51.5) | 0.80 |
1–2 cups a day | 145(46.2) | 651(44.4) | 796(44.8) | ||
> 2 cups a day | 12(3.8) | 53(3.6) | 65(3.7) | ||
Dairy | Never | 51(16.6) | 283(19.3) | 334(18.8) | 0.51 |
< 1 per month | 5(1.6) | 18(1.2) | 23(1.3) | ||
1–3 times /month | 0(0) | 4(0) | 4(0.2) | ||
1–3 times/week | 48(15.3) | 181(12) | 229(12.9) | ||
> 3 times / week | 2(0.6) | 12(1) | 14(0.8) | ||
Daily | 207(65.9) | 966(66) | 1173(66.0) | ||
Eggs | Never | 74(23.9) | 340(23) | 414(23.3) | 0.63 |
< 1 per month | 7(2.2) | 34(2) | 41(2.3) | ||
1–3 times /month | 16(5.1) | 61(4) | 77(4.3) | ||
1–3 times/week | 163(51.9) | 816(56) | 979(55.1) | ||
> 3 times / week | 17(5.4) | 53(4) | 70(3.9) | ||
Daily | 36(11.5) | 160(11) | 196(11.0) | ||
Chicken | Never | 56(17.8) | 282(19) | 338(19.0) | 0.89 |
< 1 per month | 6(1.9) | 36(3) | 42(2.4) | ||
1–3 times /month | 35(11.5) | 142(10) | 177(10.0) | ||
1–3 times/week | 198(63.1) | 934(64) | 1132(63.7) | ||
> 3 times / week | 18(5.7) | 70(5) | 88(5.0) | ||
Fish | Never | 105(33.8) | 570(39) | 675(38.0) | 0.34 |
< 1 per month | 25(8.0) | 94(6) | 119(6.7) | ||
1–3 times /month | 80(25.5) | 383(26) | 463(26.1) | ||
1–3 times/week | 103(32.8) | 417(28) | 520(29.3) | ||