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Table 3 Coronary Heart Diseasea Risk according to Beverage Consumption in Adults, The Jackson Heart Study

From: High fructose corn syrup, excess-free-fructose, and risk of coronary heart disease among African Americans– the Jackson Heart Study

 

Cox Proportional Hazards Model 1, n=3621

Cox Proportional Hazards Model 2, n=3407

Cox Proportional Hazards Model 3, n=3609

P

for

Trend

IR

per

(1000)

Person

Time

Years

Cases

p/1000

p/year

Hazard

Ratio

95% CI

p-value

Hazard

Ratio

95% CI

p-value

Hazard

Ratio

95% CI

p-value

 

HR–adjusted for ever smoker, age, sex, and time varying covariates -BMI, total energy intake, hsCRPd, hypertension, physical activity type 2 diabetes

HR– adjusted for ever smoker, age, sex, SES, & time varying covariates-BMI, total energy intake, hsCRPd, hypertension, physical activity, hbA1ce, fasting serum triglycerides, LDL-c

HR- adjusted for ever smoker, age, sex, orange juice, and other 100% juicec intake, HEI2010, SES, & time varying covariates-BMI, total energy intake, hsCRPd, hypertension, physical activity, hbA1ce

    

bAny combination of ndsoda/ FD (ttlEFF)

  < 2 times p/wk

Reference -------

  

Reference -------

  

Reference ---------

   

10

4097

2.4

 2–5 times p/wk

0.95

0.38–2.36

0.910

1.35

0.49–3.67

0.560

1.08

0.43–2.73

0.871

 

9

4338

2.1

 once p/day

1.79

0.78–4.09

0.168

2.16

0.85–5.51

0.108

2.00

0.86–4.91

0.129

 

15

4493

3.3

  > 1 to < 3 X p/day

1.77

0.76–4.16

0.187

1.89

0.70–5.06

0.207

2.03

0.84–5.19

0.117

 

15

4865

3.1

 >=3 times p/day

2.60

1.07–6.31

0.035*

2.83

1.04–7.71

0.042*

2.98

1.15–7.76

0.025*

0.013*

17

4891

3.5

Non-diet soda

      

±beverage adjustment 100% orange juice, and other 100% juices

  ≤ once /wk

Reference -------

  

Reference -------

  

Reference ---------

   

21

8542

2.5

 2–4 times /wk

1.78

0.77–4.08

0.174

1.63

0.66–4.00

0.289

1.70

0.73–3.96

0.215

 

8

2294

3.5

 5–6 times /wk

2.03

1.02–4.08

0.045*

2.12

1.01–4.48

0.048*

2.08

1.03–4.20

0.041*

 

14

3347

4.2

  ≥ once /day

1.34

0.70–2.55

0.379

1.20

0.60–2.43

0.604

1.21

0.61–2.38

0.585

0.498

23

8501

2.7

Fruit Drinks

      

±beverage adjustment 100% orange juice, and other 100% juices

  ≤ once /wk

Reference -------

  

Reference -------

  

Reference ---------

   

18

5902

3.0

 2–4 times /wk

0.44

0.19–1.02

0.056

0.54

0.22–1.28

0.162

0.46

0.18–1.14

0.094

 

8

6425

1.2

 5–6 times p/wk

1.60

0.81–3.17

0.176

1.58

0.75–3.33

0.230

1.72

0.84–3.54

0.140

 

18

3917

4.6

  ≥ once /day

1.61

0.81–3.21

0.177

1.50

0.70–3.21

0.292

1.76

0.85–3.65

0.129

0.012*

22

6440

3.4

Orange Juice

      

±beverage adjustment/ ttlEFF/ 100% non-citrus juices

  ≤ once /wk

Reference -------

  

Reference -------

  

Reference ---------

   

15

5697

2.6

 2–4 times /wk

1.20

0.60–2.40

0.602

1.22

0.57–2.59

0.612

1.21

0.60–2.45

0.588

 

18

6222

2.9

 5–6 times /wk

0.76

0.33–1.78

0.529

0.92

0.37–2.25

0.850

0.78

0.32–1.88

0.578

 

9

3572

2.5

  ≥ once /day

1.28

0.66–2.50

0.468

1.27

0.61–2.66

0.526

1.42

0.71–2.88

0.324

0.602

24

7194

3.3

cOther 100% (non-citrus) Juices

      

±beverage adjustment/ ttlEFF/ 100% orange juice

  ≤ once /wk

Reference -------

  

Reference -------

  

Reference ---------

   

40

10,782

3.7

 2–4 times /wk

0.43

0.18–1.02

0.056

0.48

0.20–1.15

0.098

0.42

0.18–1.02

0.054

 

6

4993

1.2

 5–6 times /wk

0.89

0.45–1.74

0.732

0.60

0.27–1.34

0.213

0.96

0.48–1.94

0.910

 

12

2960

4.0

  ≥ once /day

0.55

0.25–1.21

0.136

0.47

0.20–1.10

0.080

0.45

0.20–1.02

0.055

0.247

8

3949

2.0

  1. HR hazard ratios (relative risks), their 95% confidence intervals and p values are shown. a Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) refers to the first incidence of CHD as self-reported during exams 2–3. b HR includes adjustment for any combination of HFCS sweetened soft drinks (ndSoda), and fruit drinks (FD)-beverages with fructose-to-glucose ratios that exceed 1:1. During the Jackson Heart Study –HFCS was the main sweetener in US soft drinks [41]. In HFCS sweetened soft drinks, independent labs have found that the fructose-to-glucose ratio (1.9:1 [35] and 1.5:1 [36]) exceeds the 1.2:1 ratio that is generally recognized as safe [37]. The fructose-to-glucose ratio in fruit drinks varies and likely lies between 1.5:1and 2:1, as many varieties are sweetened with apple juice-a 100% juice with a ≥ 2:1 fructose-to-glucose ratio [11], and HFCS. c Other 100% Juices includes 100% juices other than orange juice (a 100% juice with a 1:1 fructose-to-glucose ratio [11]), for example pineapple and grape juices (100% juices with a 1:1 fructose-to-glucose ratio [11]), and apple juice (a 100% juice with a ≥ 2:1 fructose-to-glucose ratio [11]). d hsCRP is a biomarker of inflammation. e hbA1C is a measure of glycated hemoglobin, an indicator of blood glucose concentration over the prior 3 months. * Asterisks indicate statistical significance. ±specifies which other beverages were included in model 3 analyses
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BMC Nutrition

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