Table 2 Child Characteristics and α-Klotho Levels at 2 Years of Age
Variable | Population mean ± Standard Deviation or n/total | α-Klotho levels at 2 years mean ± standard deviation, pg/mL | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Birth Characteristics | |||
Child sex | |||
Female | 30/60 (50) | 1900.78 ± 860.19 | 0.30 |
Male | 30/60 (50) | 1665.14 ± 887.38 | |
Gestational age (weeks) | 39.12 ± 1.37 | 1782.96 ± 874.56 | 0.25 |
< 40 | 44/60 (73) | 1735.59 ± 828.01 | |
> = 40 | 16/60 (27) | 1913.22 ± 1009.15 | |
Gestational age (tertiles) | 39.12 ± 1.37 | 1782.96 ± 874.56 | 0.25 |
< 39 | 23/60 (39) | 1653.50 ± 925.44 | |
39–39.8 | 20/60 (33) | 1852.85 ± 725.43 | |
> 39.8 | 17/60 (28) | 1875.75 ± 989.24 | |
Apgar score at 5 min | 8.8 ± 0.6 | 1782.96 ± 874.56 | 0.55 |
< 9 | 11/60 (18) | 1527.74 ± 448.58 | |
> = 9 | 49/60 (82) | 1840.25 ± − 938.05 | |
Birth Anthropometrics | |||
Birth weight, g | 3384.09 ± 471.41 | 1782.96 ± 874.56 | 0.41 |
Macrosomic at birth (> 4000 g) | |||
No | 57/60 (95) | 1779.65 ± 891.88 | 0.90 |
Yes | 3/60 (5) | 1845.77 ± 533.61 | |
Underweight (< 2500 g) or preterm (< 37 weeks) | |||
No | 54/60 (90) | 1820.17 ± 910.91 | 0.33 |
Yes | 6/60 (10) | 1448.03 ± 283.36 | |
Birth weight percentile | 56.53 +/− 25.40 | 1782.96 ± 874.56 | 0.05 |
< 50% | 24/60 (40) | 2133.42 ± 1079 .41 | 0.01 |
> = 50% | 36/60 (60) | 1549.31 ± 619.12 | |
Birth weight for length below 5th % ile | |||
No | 51/60 (85) | 1846.64 ± 919.01 | 0.18 |
Yes | 9/60 (15) | 1422.09 ± 435.82 | |
Head circumference percentile (tertiles) | 34.20 +/− 1.42 | 1782.96 ± 874.56 | 0.38 |
< 25% | 36/60 (60) | 1511.39 ± 543.04 | |
25–50% | 18/60 (30) | 2398.09 ± 1199.40 | |
> 50% | 6/60 (10) | 1566.93 ± 347.65 | |
Early childhood anthropometrics | |||
Obesity in early childhood | |||
6 months (Yes) | 7/60 (12) | 1681.31 ± 685.04 | 0.75 |
No | 53/60 (88) | 1796.38 ± 901.17 | |
12 months (Yes) | 7/60 (12) | 1656.52 ± 761.34 | 0.69 |
No | 53/60 (88) | 1799.65 ± 893.59 | |
24 months (Yes) | 6/60 (10) | 1975.48 ± 790.31 | 0.57 |
No | 52/60 (90) | 1756.77 ± 888.70 | |
Hormone Levels | |||
IGF-1 at birth (pg/mL) | 30,749.25 ± 21,214.53 | 1792.06.39 ± 953.16 | 0.71 |
< 17,600 | 14/46 (31) | 1559.26 ± 682.81 | 0.49 |
17,600–35,120 | 17/46 (40) | 1814.85 ± 901.79 | |
> 35,120 | 15/46 (33) | 1983.53 ± 1209.86 | |
IGF-1 at 2 years | 29,126.19 ± 15,992.23 | 1782.96 ± 874.56 | 0.42 |
< 17,600 | 18/60 (30) | 1597.60 ± 663.41 | 0.54 |
17,600–35,120 | 27/60 (45) | 1893.88 ± 1020.88 | |
> 35,120 | 15/60 (25) | 1805.73 ± 827.61 | |
Ghrelin at birth (pg/mL) | 39 ± 22 | 1499.55 ± 367.95 | 0.40 |
< 22 | 4/13 (31) | 1544.74 ± 563.03 | 0.85 |
22–45 | 7/13 (54) | 1444.72 ± 268.62 | |
> 45 | 2/13 (15) | 1601.06 ± 426. 68 | |
Insulin at birth (pg/mL) | 953.76 ± 546.78 | 1801.79 ± 985.83 | 0.18 |
> 750 | 17/41 (41) | 1823.06 ± 1112.10 | 0.65 |
750–1060 | 16/41 (39) | 1920.01 ± 986.86 | |
> 1060 | 8/41 (20) | 1520.18 ± 718.30 | |
Insulin at 2 years (pg/mL) | 766.17 ± 900.33 | 1782.96 ± 874.56 | 0.35 |
> 750 | 41/60 (68) | 1706.81 ± 888.29 | 0.60 |
750–1060 | 8/60 (13) | 1895.41 ± 736.32 | |
> 1060 | 11/60 (18) | 1984.96 ± 947.67 | |
Leptin at birth (pg/mL) | 23,025.87 ± 18,375.04 | 1766.25 ± 989.08 | 0.82 |
< 11,200 | 12/39 (30) | 1827.42 ± 984.01 | 0.70 |
11,200–27,000 | 17/39 (44) | 1618.32 ± 1063.94 | |
> 27,000 | 10/39 (26) | 1944.32 ± 923.65 | |
Leptin at 2 years (pg/mL) | 733.93 ± 1267.03 | 1782.96 ± 874.56 | 0.85 |
< 3000 | 58/60 (96) | 1789.65 ± 884.72 | 0.72 |
3000–6000 | 1/60 (2) | 1123.12 | |
> 8000 | 1/60 (2) | 2054.59 | |