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Table 4 Bi-variable and multivariable mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression model of anemia among adults age 15–59 in Ethiopia, 2016. ((N = 28,450))

From: Spatial distribution and determinant factors of anemia among adults aged 15–59 in Ethiopia; using mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression model

Variables

Crude odds ratio

Adjusted odds ratio

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

P-value

Sex

 Male

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Female

1.57

[1.47, 1.68]

1.53

[1.42, 1.66]

< 0.001

Age

 15–19

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 20–24

1.01

[0.90, 1.12]

0.96

[0.85, 1.08]

0.49

 25–29

1.12

[1.01, 1.25]

1.04

[0.91, 1.18]

0.59

 30–34

1.28

[1.14, 1.43]

1.12

[0.97, 1.29]

0.12

 35–39

1.15

[1.02, 1.29]

1.01

[0.86, 1.17]

0.95

 40–44

1.16

[1.02, 1.32]

1.03

[0.88, 1.21]

0.70

 45–49

1.02

[0.88, 1.18]

0.91

[0.76, 1.08]

0.29

 50–54

0.99

[0.78, 1.24]

1.13

[0.87, 1.46]

0.37

 55–59

1.06

[0.82, 1.37]

1.18

[0.89, 1.57]

0.26

Marital status

 Married

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Never married

0.74

[0.69, 0.80]

0.86

[0.77, 0.96]

0.01

 Widowed

1.13

[0.91, 1.40]

0.99

[0.80, 1.24]

0.98

 Divorced

1.02

[0.88, 1.17]

0.96

[0.83, 1.11]

0.62

Educational level

 Uneducated

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Primary

0.72

[0.67, 0.78]

0.90

[0.83, 0.98]

0.02

 Secondary

0.58

[0.51, 0.65]

0.81

[0.71, 0.92]

0.02

 Higher

0.47

[0.40, 0.55]

0.71

[0.60, 0.84]

< 0.001

 Don’t know

0.33

[0.12, 0.95]

0.46

[0.16, 1.32]

0.15

Place of residence

 Urban

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Rural

1.93

[1.64, 0.27]

1.53

[1.23, 1.81]

< 0.001

Region

     

 Oromia

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Tigray

0.79

[0.62, 1.02]

0.80

[0.64, 1.02]

0.06

 Afar

2.38

[1.84, 3.09]

2.04

[1.61, 2.59]

< 0.001

 Amhara

0.61

[0.47, 0.77]

0.60

[0.48, 0.76]

< 0.001

 Somali

3.76

[2.95, 4.79]

3.43

[2.75, 4.28]

< 0.001

 Benishangul

0.66

[0.50, 0.87]

0.63

[0.49, 0.81]

< 0.001

 SNNPR

0.75

[0.59, 0.96]

0.76

[0.60, 0.94]

0.01

 Gambella

1.02

[0.78, 1.34]

1.10

[0.86, 1.41]

0.44

 Harari

1.13

[0.85, 1.51]

1.48

[1.13, 1.93]

0.01

 Addis Ababa

0.53

[0.40, 0.69]

1.01

[0.77, 1.34]

0.92

 Dire Dawa

1.18

[0.89, 1.56]

1.68

[1.28, 2.19]

< 0.001

Wealth index

 Poor

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Middle

0.811

[0.73, 0.91]

0.92

[0.83, 1.03]

0.17

 Rich

0.59

[0.53, 0.66]

0.77

[0.69, 0.86]

< 0.001

Source of drinking water

 Not improved

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Improved

0.87

[0.80, 0.96]

1.05

[0.96, 1.14]

0.32

Type of toilet facility

 Not improved

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Improved

0.94

[0.84, 1.07]

1.01

[0.90, 1.15]

0.81

BMI

 Normal

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Underweight

1.09

[1.01, 1.17]

1.15

[1.06, 1.24]

< 0.001

 Overweight

0.94

[0.81, 1.09]

0.88

[0.76, 1.02]

0.09

 Obese

0.99

[0.77, 1.27]

0.88

[0.68, 1.14]

0.33

Random intercept

 Var (cons)

–

–

0.28

[0.23, 0.34]

–

  1. AOR Adjusted Odd ratio, COR Crude Odd Ratio, CI Confidence interval, SNNPR Southern Nation and Nationality and Peoples Regions
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