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Table 1 Demographic and clinical factors by hepatic steatosisa at 24 years in the ALSPAC cohort (n = 3353)

From: Associations of maternal diet and nutritional status with offspring hepatic steatosis in the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children

Median (IQR) or n (%)

Total

(n = 3353)

Low

(n = 2662;79.4%)

Mild-Severe

(n = 691; 20.6%)

P-Valued

Maternal & Infant Factors

Maternal age

29.0 (26.0, 32.0)

29.0 (27.0, 32.0)

29.0 (26.0, 32.0)

< 0.001

Maternal Highest Education

   

< 0.001

 Missing

65 (1.9%)

60 (2.3%)

5 (0.7%)

 

 CSE/None

313 (9.3%)

236 (8.9%)

77 (11.1%)

 

 Vocational

246 (7.3%)

178 (6.7%)

68 (9.8%)

 

 O-level

1113 (33.2%)

861 (32.3%)

252 (36.5%)

 

 A-level

939 (28.0%)

766 (28.8%)

173 (25.0%)

 

 Degree

677 (20.2%)

561 (21.1%)

116 (16.8%)

 

Pregnancy physical activity

   

0.828

 Missing

253 (7.5%)

201 (7.6%)

52 (7.5%)

 

 No

2098 (62.6%)

1672 (62.8%)

426 (61.6%)

 

 Yes

1002 (29.9%)

789 (29.6%)

213 (30.8%)

 

Pregnancy smoking

   

0.027

 Missing

11 (0.3%)

9 (0.3%)

< 5c

 

 No

2799 (83.5%)

2241 (84.2%)

558 (80.8%)

 

 Yes

543 (16.2%)

412 (15.5%)

131 (19.0%)

 

Pregnancy alcohol intake

    

 Missing

10 (0.3%)

9 (0.3%)

< 5c

0.002

 No

1823 (54.4%)

1410 (53.0%)

413 (59.8%)

 

 Yes

1520 (45.3%)

1243 (46.7%)

277 (40.1%)

 

Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI

22.0 (20.5, 24.1)

21.8 (20.4, 23.7)

22.7 (20.9, 25.7)

< 0.001

 Missing

255 (7.6%)

208 (7.8%)

47 (6.8%)

 

 Underweight

127 (3.8%)

109 (4.1%)

18 (2.6%)

 

 Normal

2411 (71.9%)

1968 (73.9%)

443 (64.1%)

 

 Overweight

420 (12.5%)

294 (11.0%)

126 (18.2%)

 

 Obese

140 (4.2%)

83 (3.1%)

57 (8.2%)

 

Maternal diabetes

   

0.314

 Missing

86 (2.6%)

70 (2.6%)

16 (2.3%)

 

 None

3140 (93.6%)

2500 (93.9%)

640 (92.6%)

 

 Pre-existing

11 (0.3%)

7 (0.3%)

< 5c

 

 Gestational

13 (0.4%)

10 (0.4%)

< 5c

 

 Glycosuria

103 (3.1%)

75 (2.8%)

28 (4.1%)

 

Gestational weight gain

   

0.002

 Missing

321 (9.6%)

262 (9.8%)

59 (8.5%)

 

 Recommended

900 (26.8%)

746 (28.0%)

154 (22.3%)

 

  < Recommended

370 (11.0%)

299 (11.2%)

71 (10.3%)

 

  > Recommended

1762 (52.5%)

1355 (50.9%)

407 (58.9%)

 

Total energy intake (kJ/day)b

7127 (6000, 8361)

7162 (6050, 8371)

6977 (5813, 8237)

0.009

Free sugars (g/day)b

51.7 (36.8, 70.8)

52.3 (36.9, 71.3)

50.1 (36.7, 69.5)

0.189

% Free sugarsb

0.12 (0.10, 0.16)

0.12 (0.10, 0.16)

0.12 (0.09, 0.16)

0.871

Sex (% male)

1276 (38.1%)

946 (35.5%)

330 (47.8%)

< 0.001

Birthweight (g)

3440 (3130, 3760)

3423 (3120, 3750)

3483 (3180, 3805)

0.014

 Missing

43 (1.3%)

32 (1.2%)

11 (1.6%)

0.409

 Low

106 (3.2%)

84 (3.2%)

22 (3.2%)

 

 Normal

2783 (83.0%)

2223 (83.5%)

560 (81.0%)

 

 High

421 (12.56%)

323 (12.1%)

98 (14.2%)

 

Breastfeeding

   

0.011

 Missing

230 (6.9%)

185 (6.9%)

45 (6.5%)

 

 Never

509 (15.2%)

381 (14.3%)

128 (18.5%)

 

  < 3 months

640 (19.1%)

509 (19.1%)

131 (19.0%)

 

 3–5 months

543 (16.2%)

418 (15.7%)

125 (18.1%)

 

  ≥ 6 months

1431 (42.7%)

1169 (43.9%)

262 (37.9%)

 

Adult characteristics at 24 years

BMI (kg/m2)

23.8 (21.5, 26.9)

23.0 (21.0, 25.4)

28.6 (25.2, 33.1)

< 0.001

 Missing

31 (0.9%)

23 (0.9%)

8 (1.2%)

< 0.001

 Underweight

103 (3.1%)

99 (3.7%)

< 5c

 

 Normal

1961 (58.5%)

1807 (67.9%)

154 (22.3%)

 

 Overweight

842 (25.1%)

592 (22.2%)

250 (36.2%)

 

 Obese

416 (12.4%)

141 (5.3%)

275 (39.8%)

 

AUDIT-C score

5 (4, 7)

5 (4, 7)

5 (3, 7)

0.011

 Missing

73 (2.2%)

58 (2.2%)

15 (2.2%)

0.019

 High alcohol

1798 (53.6%)

1460 (54.8%)

338 (48.9%)

 

Liver steatosis (CAP value; dB/m)

203 (172, 238)

191 (166, 214)

278 (261, 304)

< 0.001

Fibrosis (kPA)

4.5 (3.8, 5.4)

4.5 (3.8, 5.4)

4.6 (3.8, 5.5)

 

 Missing

194 (5.8%)

169 (5.6%)

25 (7.5%)

0.38

 None

3080 (91.9%)

2454 (92.2%)

626 (90.6%)

 

 Any

79 (2.4%)

61 (2.3%)

18 (2.6%)

 
  1. aHepatic steatosis based on CAP score cut-off values: low (< 248 dB/m, < 11% steatosis) vs mild to severe (248–400 dB/m, ≥11% steatosis) [41]
  2. bn = 125 were missing free sugar and total energy intake values
  3. cGroups with less than five participants are expressed as n < 5 in line with the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) confidentiality policy
  4. dWilcoxon rank sum (equal variance) and Kolmogrov-Smirnov (unequal variance) tests were used for continuous variables. Chi-squared tests were used for categorical variables. Statistically significant p-values are bolded
  5. Abbreviations: IQR Interquartile Range, CSE certificate of secondary education, BMI Body mass index, AUDIT-C Alcohol use disorders identification test consumption, CAP controlled attenuation parameter
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