Association between milk and yogurt intake and mortality: a community-based cohort study (Yamagata study)

Nakanishi, Akiko; Homma, Erika; Osaki, Tsukasa; Sho, Ri; Souri, Masayoshi; Sato, Hidenori; Watanabe, Masafumi; Ishizawa, Kenichi; Ueno, Yoshiyuki; Kayama, Takamasa; Konta, Tsuneo

doi:10.1186/s40795-021-00435-1

BMC Nutrition

Table 2 Cox proportional hazards analysis: the association between the intake of yogurt and milk and mortality

From: Association between milk and yogurt intake and mortality: a community-based cohort study (Yamagata study)

	Person-year	Number of deaths	Incident rate (/1000 person-year)	Unadjusted		Adjusted^a
	Person-year	Number of deaths	Incident rate (/1000 person-year)	HR (95%CI)	P-value	HR (95%CI)	P-value
Total mortality
Yogurt intake
None	17,681	99	5.6	reference		Reference
Low	16,205	41	2.5	0.45 (0.31–0.64)	< 0.01	0.72 (0.48–1.07)	0.10
Moderate	34,767	76	2.2	0.39 (0.29–0.52)	< 0.01	0.70 (0.49–0.99)	0.04
High	21,118	49	2.3	0.42 (0.29–0.58)	< 0.01	0.62 (0.42–0.91)	0.01
Milk intake
None	16,568	68	4.1	reference		reference
Low	11,019	27	2.5	0.59 (0.37–0.92)	0.02	0.68 (0.41–1.09)	0.11
Moderate	33,741	74	2.2	0.53 (0.38–0.74)	< 0.01	0.67 (0.46–0.97)	0.03
High	28,443	96	3.4	0.82 (0.60–1.12)	0.22	1.06 (0.75–1.50)	0.74
Cancer-related mortality
Yogurt intake
None	12,166	38	3.1	reference		reference
Low	11,214	18	1.6	0.51 (0.28–0.88)	0.02	0.90 (0.48–1.63)	0.74
Moderate	23,978	17	0.7	0.23 (0.12–0.39)	< 0.01	0.46 (0.24–0.86)	0.01
High	14,359	17	1.2	0.38 (0.21–0.66)	< 0.01	0.53 (0.27–0.99)	0.047
Milk intake
None	11,283	27	2.4	reference		reference
Low	7576	10	1.3	0.55 (0.25–1.09)	0.09	0.70 (0.32–1.46)	0.35
Moderate	23,360	17	0.7	0.30 (0.16–0.55)	< 0.01	0.42 (0.21–0.81)	0.01
High	19,499	36	1.8	0.77 (0.47–1.28)	0.30	1.08 (0.62–1.89)	0.80
Cardiovascular mortality
Yogurt intake
None	12,166	12	1.0	reference		reference
Low	11,214	5	0.4	0.45 (0.14–1.22)	0.12	0.85 (0.26–2.49)	0.78
Moderate	23,978	15	0.6	0.64 (0.30–1.39)	0.25	1.08 (0.44–2.74)	0.87
High	14,359	8	0.6	0.56 (0.22–1.36)	0.20	1.06 (0.39–2.84)	0.91
Milk intake
None	11,283	11	1.0	reference		reference
Low	7576	3	0.4	0.41 (0.09–1.31)	0.14	0.52 (0.11–1.78)	0.31
Moderate	23,360	17	0.7	0.75 (0.36–1.65)	0.47	0.88 (0.38–2.18)	0.78
High	19,499	9	0.5	0.47 (0.19–1.15)	0.10	0.50 (0.18–1.35)	0.17

CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio
^a adjusted for age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, education period

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