From: Dietary diversity and food security status among heart failure patients in the north of Iran
Characteristic | Dietary diversity score | Food secure status | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 2 (n = 100) | > = 2 (n = 100) | P* | Secure (n = 86) | Mild insecure (n = 52) | Moderate insecure (n = 32) | Severe insecure (n = 30) | P* | |
Sex, no. (%) | 0.774** | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.032 | ||
 Male | 58(49) | 60(51) |  | 56(47) | 22(19) | 19(16) | 21(18) |  |
 Female | 42(51) | 40(49) |  | 30(37) | 30(37) | 13(16) | 9(11) |  |
 Age (years), mean (SD) | 66 (12.3) | 65 (12.0) | 0.515 | 66(11.0) | 65(13.7) | 62(14.5) | 69(8.9) | 0.312 |
Education, no. (%) | 0.529 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.026 | ||
 Illiterate | 51(53) | 45(47) |  | 33(34) | 30(31) | 14(15) | 19(20) |  |
 Primary | 25(53) | 22(47) |  | 20(43) | 11(23) | 6(13) | 10(21) |  |
 Secondary | 14(47) | 16(53) |  | 14(47) | 8(27) | 8(27) | 0(0) |  |
 Diploma | 8(42) | 11(58) |  | 13(68) | 3(16) | 3(16) | 0(0) |  |
 Academic | 2(25) | 6(75) |  | 6(75) | 0(0) | 1(13) | 1(13) |  |
Household size, no. (%) | 0.430 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.270 | ||
 1 | 13(43) | 17(57) |  | 17(57) | 3(10) | 4(13) | 6(20) |  |
 2 | 46(52) | 43(48) |  | 37(42) | 25(28) | 11(12) | 16(18) |  |
 3 | 28(57) | 21(43) |  | 20(41) | 15(31) | 11(22) | 3(6) |  |
 4 or more | 13(41) | 19(59) |  | 12(38) | 9(28) | 6(19) | 5(16) |  |
Socioeconomic status, no. (%) | 0.303** | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 | ||
 Low | 46(54) | 39(46) |  | 31(36) | 14(16) | 19(22) | 21(25) |  |
 Middle | 47(49) | 48(51) |  | 44(46) | 30(32) | 12(13) | 9(9) |  |
 High | 7(35) | 13(65) |  | 11(55) | 8(40) | 1(5) | 0(0) |  |
Smoking status, no. (%)*** | 0.030** | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.439 | ||
 Non-smoker | 72(55) | 58(45) |  | 54(42) | 39(30) | 19(15) | 18(14) |  |
 Former-smoker | 16(33) | 32(67) |  | 20(42) | 10(21) | 8(17) | 10(21) |  |
 Current smoker | 12(55) | 10(45) |  | 12(55) | 3(14) | 5(23) | 2(9) |  |
BMI category, no. (%) | 0.513 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.794 | ||
 Under weight | 1(50) | 1(50) |  | 0(0) | 1(50) | 1(50) | 0(0) |  |
 Normal | 29(44) | 37(56) |  | 25(38) | 19(29) | 12(18) | 10(15) |  |
 Overweight | 45(56) | 35(44) |  | 35(44) | 19(24) | 13(16) | 13(16) |  |
 Obese | 25(48) | 27(52) |  | 26(50) | 13(25) | 6(12) | 7(13) |  |
 Weight loss in the last 6 months (yes), no. (%) | 42(48) | 45(52) | 0.669** | 34(39) | 29(33) | 11(13) | 13(15) | 0.185 |
 Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 97(23) | 94(26) | 0.101 | 97(22) | 87(15) | 97(32) | 104(33) | 0.048 |
 Supplement use, no. (%) | 17(37) | 29(63) | 0.044** | 20(43) | 13(28) | 7(15) | 6(13) | 0.961 |
History of disease, no. (%) | ||||||||
 Heart disease | 34(49) | 36(51) | 0.767** | 34(49) | 18(26) | 12(17) | 6(9) | 0.280 |
 Diabetes | 55(56) | 44(44) | 0.120** | 43(43) | 29(29) | 15(15) | 12(12) | 0.573 |
 Hypertension | 73(56) | 58(44) | 0.026** | 55(42) | 38(29) | 23(18) | 15(11) | 0.159 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 36(49) | 38(51) | 0.770** | 31(42) | 24(32) | 10(14) | 9(12) | 0.394 |
 Heart failure duration (years), mean (SD) | 3.2(4.32) | 2.0(2.56) | 0.009 | 2.8(3.82) | 2.5(4.03) | 2.3(2.98) | 2.7(2.77) | 0.202 |
 FBS (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 146(66) | 145(69) | 0.566 | 151(70) | 159(80) | 127(4)5 | 128(45) | 0.102 |
 TC (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 148(57) | 136(35) | 0.103 | 143(58) | 149(44) | 135(29) | 135(33) | 0.447 |
 TG (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 120(76) | 103(39) | 0.347 | 113(58) | 122(76) | 103(65) | 102(29) | 0.452 |
 HDL (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 39(10) | 38(10) | 0.398 | 39(10) | 38(10) | 39(11) | 40(10) | 0.916 |
 LDL (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 84(46) | 76(30) | 0.338 | 80(47) | 87(33) | 74(25) | 75(31) | 0.331 |
 Ejection fraction (%), mean (SD) | 25(11) | 28(12) | 0.108 | 26(11) | 27(13) | 26(11) | 29(12) | 0.600 |