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Table 3 Dietary diversity score and food security status by demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics of patients

From: Dietary diversity and food security status among heart failure patients in the north of Iran

Characteristic

Dietary diversity score

Food secure status

< 2

(n = 100)

> = 2

(n = 100)

P*

Secure (n = 86)

Mild insecure (n = 52)

Moderate insecure (n = 32)

Severe insecure (n = 30)

P*

Sex, no. (%)

0.774**

    

0.032

 Male

58(49)

60(51)

 

56(47)

22(19)

19(16)

21(18)

 

 Female

42(51)

40(49)

 

30(37)

30(37)

13(16)

9(11)

 

 Age (years), mean (SD)

66 (12.3)

65 (12.0)

0.515

66(11.0)

65(13.7)

62(14.5)

69(8.9)

0.312

Education, no. (%)

0.529

    

0.026

 Illiterate

51(53)

45(47)

 

33(34)

30(31)

14(15)

19(20)

 

 Primary

25(53)

22(47)

 

20(43)

11(23)

6(13)

10(21)

 

 Secondary

14(47)

16(53)

 

14(47)

8(27)

8(27)

0(0)

 

 Diploma

8(42)

11(58)

 

13(68)

3(16)

3(16)

0(0)

 

 Academic

2(25)

6(75)

 

6(75)

0(0)

1(13)

1(13)

 

Household size, no. (%)

0.430

    

0.270

 1

13(43)

17(57)

 

17(57)

3(10)

4(13)

6(20)

 

 2

46(52)

43(48)

 

37(42)

25(28)

11(12)

16(18)

 

 3

28(57)

21(43)

 

20(41)

15(31)

11(22)

3(6)

 

 4 or more

13(41)

19(59)

 

12(38)

9(28)

6(19)

5(16)

 

Socioeconomic status, no. (%)

0.303**

    

0.001

 Low

46(54)

39(46)

 

31(36)

14(16)

19(22)

21(25)

 

 Middle

47(49)

48(51)

 

44(46)

30(32)

12(13)

9(9)

 

 High

7(35)

13(65)

 

11(55)

8(40)

1(5)

0(0)

 

Smoking status, no. (%)***

0.030**

    

0.439

 Non-smoker

72(55)

58(45)

 

54(42)

39(30)

19(15)

18(14)

 

 Former-smoker

16(33)

32(67)

 

20(42)

10(21)

8(17)

10(21)

 

 Current smoker

12(55)

10(45)

 

12(55)

3(14)

5(23)

2(9)

 

BMI category, no. (%)

0.513

    

0.794

 Under weight

1(50)

1(50)

 

0(0)

1(50)

1(50)

0(0)

 

 Normal

29(44)

37(56)

 

25(38)

19(29)

12(18)

10(15)

 

 Overweight

45(56)

35(44)

 

35(44)

19(24)

13(16)

13(16)

 

 Obese

25(48)

27(52)

 

26(50)

13(25)

6(12)

7(13)

 

 Weight loss in the last 6 months (yes), no. (%)

42(48)

45(52)

0.669**

34(39)

29(33)

11(13)

13(15)

0.185

 Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD)

97(23)

94(26)

0.101

97(22)

87(15)

97(32)

104(33)

0.048

 Supplement use, no. (%)

17(37)

29(63)

0.044**

20(43)

13(28)

7(15)

6(13)

0.961

History of disease, no. (%)

 Heart disease

34(49)

36(51)

0.767**

34(49)

18(26)

12(17)

6(9)

0.280

 Diabetes

55(56)

44(44)

0.120**

43(43)

29(29)

15(15)

12(12)

0.573

 Hypertension

73(56)

58(44)

0.026**

55(42)

38(29)

23(18)

15(11)

0.159

 Hyperlipidemia

36(49)

38(51)

0.770**

31(42)

24(32)

10(14)

9(12)

0.394

 Heart failure duration (years), mean (SD)

3.2(4.32)

2.0(2.56)

0.009

2.8(3.82)

2.5(4.03)

2.3(2.98)

2.7(2.77)

0.202

 FBS (mg/dl), mean (SD)

146(66)

145(69)

0.566

151(70)

159(80)

127(4)5

128(45)

0.102

 TC (mg/dl), mean (SD)

148(57)

136(35)

0.103

143(58)

149(44)

135(29)

135(33)

0.447

 TG (mg/dl), mean (SD)

120(76)

103(39)

0.347

113(58)

122(76)

103(65)

102(29)

0.452

 HDL (mg/dl), mean (SD)

39(10)

38(10)

0.398

39(10)

38(10)

39(11)

40(10)

0.916

 LDL (mg/dl), mean (SD)

84(46)

76(30)

0.338

80(47)

87(33)

74(25)

75(31)

0.331

 Ejection fraction (%), mean (SD)

25(11)

28(12)

0.108

26(11)

27(13)

26(11)

29(12)

0.600

  1. SD indicated standard deviation, BMI body mass index, FBS fasting blood sugar, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein, BUN blood urea nitrogen, NA sodium, K potassium
  2. * P-value was reported from Kruskal-Wallis test except otherwise indicated
  3. ** P-value was reported from Chi-square test
  4. *** Based on the post-hoc paired comparisons, only former-smokers compared to non-smokers had significantly greater diet diversity (P = 0.006) and other comparisons was not significant ((P > 0.05 for all)