No changes in dietary intake after quitting smoking; a prospective study in Switzerland

Patriota, Pollyanna; Guessous, Idris; Marques-Vidal, Pedro

doi:10.1186/s40795-021-00440-4

BMC Nutrition

Table 2 Changes between baseline and follow-up in anthropometry, physical activity and dietary intake between quitters and maintainers, and between quitters and never smokers, matched for gender and age, CoLaus study, Lausanne, Switzerland

From: No changes in dietary intake after quitting smoking; a prospective study in Switzerland

	Quitters	Maintainers	Never smokers	P-value §	P-value ǂ
Sample size	128	128	128
Anthropometry ^a
Weight (kg)	2.2 ± 4.2	0.3 ± 4.4	0.4 ± 4.4	0.004 *	0.003 *
Body mass index (kg/m²)	0.92 ± 1.44	0.39 ± 1.50	0.33 ± 1.51	0.013 *	0.002 *
Energy expenditure ^b	−34 [− 284; 232]	−4 [− 242; 256]	−92 [− 337; 134]	0.441	0.159
Total energy intake (kcal)	−86 [− 450; 316]	10 [− 399; 349]	46 [− 287; 385]	0.739	0.099
Macronutrients (g/d)
Total protein	−1 [− 14; 14]	5 [− 13; 16]	− 4 [− 17; 13]	0.413	0.495
Vegetable protein	− 2 [− 7; 4]	1 [− 3; 5]	− 1 [− 7; 4]	0.116	0.600
Animal protein	0 [− 14; 13]	3 [− 11; 16]	−3 [− 10; 11]	0.556	0.873
Carbohydrates	−13 [− 62; 40]	6 [− 35; 46]	−7 [− 66; 45]	0.226	0.986
Disaccharides	− 4 [− 27; 26]	3 [− 25; 20]	− 1 [− 29; 23]	0.495	0.626
Polysaccharides	−6 [− 35; 24]	5 [− 22; 29]	−1 [− 46; 24]	0.075	0.520
Total fat	−4 [− 20; 14]	4 [− 10; 19]	−2 [− 15; 12]	0.060	0.390
SFA	−2 [−9; 4]	1 [− 5; 7]	− 1 [− 7; 6]	0.013	0.135
MUFA	−1 [− 7; 8]	2 [− 4; 9]	−1 [− 6; 6]	0.123	0.819
PUFA	−1 [−3; 1]	0 [− 2; 3]	−1 [− 2; 2]	0.060	0.446
Alcohol	0 [− 3; 3]	0 [− 3; 5]	0 [− 1; 2]	0.885	0.690
Fibre	0 [− 4; 4]	0 [− 2; 4]	−1 [− 4; 3]	0.335	0.721
Macronutrients (% TEI)
Total protein	0.5 [−1.2; 2.8]	0.1 [− 2; 2]	0.3 [− 1.7; 1.7]	0.188	0.115
Vegetable protein	0 [−0.8; 0.6]	0 [− 0.7; 0.9]	−0.2 [− 0.9; 0.7]	0.641	0.307
Animal protein	0.5 [− 1.2; 3.4]	−0.3 [− 2.3; 2.7]	0 [−1.8; 2.2]	0.199	0.247
Carbohydrates	− 0.6 [− 6.4; 5.0]	−0.6 [− 6.8; 3.4]	−1.2 [− 6.7; 4.7]	0.340	0.432
Disaccharides	0.4 [−3.9; 4.4]	− 1.4 [− 5.7; 3.3]	0.9 [− 4.1; 5.0]	0.027	0.797
Polysaccharides	−0.8 [− 5.3; 3.7]	0.5 [− 5.3; 5.3]	−1.5 [− 6.4; 4.3]	0.462	0.352
Total fat	0.3 [− 4.7; 5.0]	0.3 [− 3.8; 5.3]	1.4 [−3.6; 5.8]	0.399	0.281
SFA	− 0.4 [− 2.9; 1.6]	− 0.1 [− 2.0; 2.4]	0.5 [− 2.0; 2.1]	0.109	0.051
MUFA	0.4 [− 1.4; 2.8]	0.5 [− 2.0; 2.7]	0.6 [− 1.8; 3.0]	0.825	0.638
PUFA	0 [− 0.7; 0.8]	0.1 [− 0.7; 1.0]	0 [− 0.7; 1.0]	0.273	0.556
Alcohol	0 [− 1.6; 1.1]	0 [− 1.7; 2.3]	0 [− 0.5; 0.7]	0.654	0.333
Micronutrients
Cholesterol (mg/d)	−2 [− 78; 84]	40 [− 29; 113]	2 [− 67; 66]	0.021	0.854
Calcium (mg/d)	− 82 [− 399; 165]	53 [− 255; 318]	−37 [− 318; 260]	0.054	0.367
Iron (mg/d)	−0.1 [− 2.1; 2.1]	0.5 [− 1.6; 2.2]	−0.5 [− 3.0; 2.2]	0.638	0.197
Vitamin D	0.1 [−0.5; 1.2]	0.2 [− 0.5; 1.1]	0 [− 0.6; 1.2]	0.982	0.959
Foods (g/day)
Dairy	−27 [−81; 31]	7 [−65; 66]	− 5 [− 66; 56]	0.184	0.215
Red meat	0 [− 14; 18]	4 [− 23; 18]	−5 [− 21; 14]	0.684	0.250
Processed meat	0 [− 7; 4]	0 [− 7; 6]	0 [− 5; 5]	0.459	0.171
Wholegrain	0 [− 18; 22]	0 [− 9; 24]	0 [− 27; 12]	0.284	0.591
Fresh fruits	8 [− 92; 90]	7 [− 47; 81]	− 8 [− 85; 53]	0.721	0.741
Fresh fruits + fresh juice	23 [− 58; 114]	8 [− 49; 102]	− 13 [− 95; 72]	0.585	0.382
Any fruit and fruit juice	22 [− 71; 126]	− 5 [− 87; 80]	2 [− 103; 98]	0.313	0.215
Vegetables	3 [− 35; 59]	2 [−41; 59]	2 [− 43; 61]	0.901	0.714
Fish, excluding fried	2 [−5; 14]	5 [− 5; 17]	0 [− 11; 11]	0.797	0.021
Fish, all	2 [− 10; 17]	4 [− 6; 19]	0 [− 15; 13]	1.000	0.018
Ultraprocessed foods	− 4 [− 46; 29]	0 [− 46; 25]	−2 [− 43; 19]	0.741	0.714

^a, for 122 participants; ^b, for 100 participants. §, comparing quitters to maintainers; ǂ comparing quitters to never smokers
SFA saturated fatty acids; MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids; TEI total energy intake
For each participant, the difference between data collected in 2014–2017 and data collected in 2009–2012 were computed Results are expressed as average ± standard deviation or as median [interquartile range]. Between-group comparisons were performed using student’s t-test (*) or Wilcoxon sign test for continuous variables

Back to article page

ISSN: 2055-0928

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com