Region | Total N(%) | P1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
 | Rural N(%) | Urban N(%) | ||
Gender, | ||||
 Female | 3082 (52.2) | 2551 (55.3) | 5633 (53.5) | 0.001 |
 Male | 2825 (47.8) | 2062 (44.7) | 4887 (46.5) |  |
Age (years) | ||||
 35- < 45 | 1792 (30.3) | 1350 (29.3) | 3142 (29.9) | 0.000 |
 45- < 55 | 2202 (37.3) | 1650 (35.8) | 3852 (36.6) |  |
 55- < 65 | 1567 (26.5) | 1163 (25.2) | 2730 (26.0) |  |
 ≥ 65 | 346 (5.9) | 450 (9.8) | 796 (7.6) |  |
Educational status | ||||
 Illiterate | 729 (12.3) | 1009 (21.9) | 1738 (16.5) | 0.000 |
 1–5 years of schooling | 1577 (26.7) | 1735 (37.6) | 3312 (31.5) |  |
 6–12 years of schooling | 3074 (52.0) | 1758 (38.1) | 4832 (45.9) |  |
 University/college | 527 (8.9) | 111 (2.4) | 638 (6.1) |  |
Marital status | ||||
 Married | 5393 (91.3) | 4134 (89.6) | 9527 (90.6) | 0.003 |
 Single/Widowed/Divorced | 514 (8.7) | 479 (10.4) | 993 (9.4) |  |
Current cigarette smoking, No. (%) | ||||
 Yes (daily) | 895 (15.2) | 738 (16.0) | 1633 (15.5) | 0.403 |
 Yes (sometimes) | 114 (1.9) | 80 (1.7) | 194 (1.8) |  |
 no | 4446 (75.3) | 3420 (74.1) | 7866 (74.8) |  |
 Past smoking | 452 (7.7) | 375 (8.1) | 827 (7.9) |  |
Drinking Alcohol (yes) | 905 (15.3) | 610 (13.2) | 1515 (14.4) | 0.002 |
History of chronic disease | ||||
 Diabetes | 1364 (23.1) | 1167 (25.3) | 2531 (24.1) | 0.009 |
 Hypertension | 2357 (39.9) | 2189 (47.4) | 4543 (43.2) | 0.000 |
 Cardiovascular disease | 457 (7.7) | 403 (8.7) | 860 (8.2) | 0.063 |
 Cancer | 60 (0.6) | 34 (0.3) | 94 (0.9) | 0.132 |
 Obesity | 1970 (33.4) | 1466 (31.8) | 3436 (32.7) | 0.08 |
 Central Obesity | 3738 (63.3) | 2856)61.9( | 6594 (62.7) | 0.15 |
Dietary Supplement usage | 1611 (27.3) | 991 (21.5) | 2602 (24.7) | 0.000 |
Type of Supplement | ||||
 Calcium | 44 (0.7) | 30 (0.7) | 74 (0.7) | 0.565 |
 Multivitamin/mineral | 34 (0.6) | 23 (0.5) | 57 (0.5) | 0.593 |
 Multivitamin | 69 (1.2) | 58 (1.3) | 127 (1.2) | 0.678 |
 Calcium/vitamin D | 737 (12.5) | 443 (9.6) | 1180 (11.2) | 0.000 |
 Vitamin D pearl/ampoule | 574 (9.7) | 240 (5.2) | 814 (7.7) | 0.000 |
 Folic acid | 443 (7.5) | 268 (5.8) | 711 (6.8) | 0.001 |
 Omega 3 | 46 (0.8) | 24 (0.5) | 70 (0.7) | 0.106 |
 Ferrous sulfate | 548 (9.3) | 383 (8.3) | 931 (8.8) | 0.810 |
 Zinc sulfate/Zinc gluconate | 28 (0.5) | 13 (0.3) | 41 (0.4) | 0.116 |