Table 2 Usual nutrient intake of breastfeeding mothers (n = 70)
| Â | Dietary Reference Intakesb | Mean/Median Intake Percentiles | Inadequate/Excessive Reported Intake | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nutrients | EAR/AMDR | UL | 10th | 25th | Median | Mean ± SE | 75th | 90th | % < EAR/ AMDR | % > AMDR / > UL |
Macronutrients | ||||||||||
Energy intake (kcal) | 1957 (EER)a | - | 1903 | 2152 | 2459 | 2516.7 ± 63.2 | 2815 | 3200 | 13 | - |
Total fat (g/d) | - | - | 41 | 50 | 62 | 64.5 ± 2.4 | 76 | 91 | - | - |
Saturated fat (g) | - | - | 17 | 19.9 | 23.8 | 25.2 ± 0.9 | 28.9 | 34.9 | - | - |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) | - | - | 13.3 | 16.7 | 21.3 | 22.5 ± 0.9 | 27 | 33.3 |  |  |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) | - | - | 6.7 | 8.1 | 10 | 10.5 ± 0.4 | 12.4 | 15 | - | - |
Protein (g/d) | 72 | - | 59.9 | 67.5 | 77 | 78.4 ± 1.8 | 87.8 | 98.6 | 37 | - |
Carbohydrate (g/d) | - | - | 302 | 344 | 397 | 404.2 ± 10.2 | 456 | 517 | - | - |
Total sugars (g/d) | - | - | 37 | 47 | 60 | 63.7 ± 2.9 | 76 | 95 | - | - |
Dietary fibre (g/d) | - | - | 8.1 | 9.3 | 10.8 | 11.1 ± 0.3 | 12.6 | 14.4 | - | - |
As percentage of total energy | ||||||||||
Total Fat (%) | 15–30 | - | 16.9 | 19.2 | 21.9 | 22.2 ± 0.5 | 24.9 | 27.8 | 3 | 4 |
Protein (%) | 10–15 | - | 11.7 | 12.1 | 12.7 | 12.7 ± 0.1 | 13.2 | 13.7 | 0 | 0 |
Carbohydrate (%) | 55–75 | - | 59 | 62.1 | 65.4 | 65.1 ± 0.6 | 68.4 | 70.9 | 2 | 1 |
Micronutrients | ||||||||||
Vitamin C (mg/d) | - | - | 18 | 26 | 37 | 43.5 ± 3.1 | 54 | 76 | - | - |
Vitamin E (mg) | - | - | 2.5 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 5.3 | 6.7 | - | - |
B vitamins | ||||||||||
Thiamine (mg/d) | 1.1 | - | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.7 | 2 | 22 | - |
Riboflavin (mg/d) | 1.3 | - | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 39 | - |
Niacin (mg/d) | 13.4 | 35 | 18.1 | 20.7 | 24.3 | 26.0 ± 0.9 | 29.3 | 35.8 | 0 | 11 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.7 | 100 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.6 ± 0.04 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 63 | 0 |
Folate (DFE μg) | 405 | 1000 | 194 | 231 | 280 | 290.9 ± 9.9 | 339 | 401 | 96 | 0 |
Vitamin B12 (mg) | 2.4 | - | 1.7 | 2 | 2.5 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 46 | - |
Bone-related nutrients | ||||||||||
Calcium (mg/d) | - | - | 343 | 441 | 585 | 644.7 ± 34.8 | 781 | 1018 | - | - |
Phosphorus (mg/d) | 580 | 4000 | 883 | 1016 | 1182 | 1220.5 ± 35.4 | 1382 | 1604 |  < 1 | 0 |
Magnesium (mg) | - | - | 157 | 182 | 214 | 222.2 ± 6.8 | 254 | 297 | - | - |
Vitamin D (mg) | - | - | 1.9 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 4.3 | 5.4 | - | - |
Other micronutrients | ||||||||||
Vitamin A (μg RE/d) | - | - | 364 | 466 | 614 | 695.2 ± 42.4 | 827 | 1111 | - | - |
Iron (mg/d) | 28.2 | 45 | 8.8 | 9.9 | 11.4 | 11.9 ± 0.9 | 13.3 | 15.5 | 99 | 0 |
Zinc (mg) | - | - | 6.3 | 7.2 | 8.3 | 8.5 ± 0.2 | 9.7 | 11.1 | - | - |
Sodium (mg/d) | - | - | 1135 | 1349 | 1628 | 1684.7 ± 56.1 | 1958 | 2306 | - | - |
Potassium (mg) |  |  | 1150 | 1309 | 1513 | 1550.2 ± 40.5 | 1751 | 1999 | - | - |
Selenium (mg) | 35.3 | 400 | 98 | 108 | 121 | 122.6 ± 2.4 | 135 | 149 | - | - |