Table 2 Classification of foods / food groups based on 24-h recall used in dietary patterns with food frequency data
Foods from the food frequency questionnaire adapted from ISCOLE and modified based on the 24-h dietary recall (15) | Foods merged from the food frequency questionnaire (9) | Food list |
|---|---|---|
Fruits | fruits | watermelon, avocado, mangoes, oranges, and ripe bananas |
Vegetables | vegetables | amaranthus, spinach, cabbage, Swiss chard and pumpkin leaves, kachumbari (a salad made of onions and tomatoes) |
Milk and milk products | milk and milk products | whole cow’s milk added to tea/ coffee, yoghurt, and cultured milk “mtindi” usually mixed with porridge |
Chocolate and sweets | sweets and sugars | chocolates, cakes, biscuits, mandazi (a local deep-fried snack made of wheat and sugar), ice creams (industrial), flavoured ice pops “lambalamba” |
Cakes and biscuits | ||
Doughnuts and mandazi | ||
Flavoured ice pops | ||
Commercial ice creams | ||
Freshly squeezed juice | sugary beverages | sodas, boxed sweetened fruit juice (commercially made), e.g., cola and sweetened squeezed fruit juice |
Sweetened beverages | ||
Local vendor street snacks | fatty snacks | chips, samosas (deep fried snack made of minced beef, onions, spices, and wheat flour), kachori (deep fried spicy potato balls, eggs, and wheat flour) fried bananas “plantain” and cassava |
Restaurants fast foods | ||
Beef | beef | beef |
Poultry | poultry | poultry |
Fish | fish | fish |