Table 3 Gender- and age-adjusted associations between socioeconomic circumstances and single recommended food habits
| Â | Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | Fresh or cooked vegetables at least twice a day | Fruit or berries at least twice a day | Dark bread daily | Skimmed milk products daily | Fish at least 2–4 times/week | Red or processed meat 2–4 times/week at most | Vegetable-based margarine on bread | Vegetable-based margarine or oil in cooking |
Childhood socioeconomic measures | ||||||||
Parental educational level a | ||||||||
 Upper secondary school | 1.22 (1.01–1.47) | 1.12 (0.91–1.37) | 1.02 (0.84–1.24) | 1.02 (0.84–1.24) | 1.00 (0.81–1.25) | 1.39 (1.08–1.79) | 0.87 (0.71–1.06) | 1.25 (1.02–1.53) |
 Higher education | 1.43 (1.26–1.63) | 1.28 (1.12–1.46) | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) | 1.43 (1.25–1.65) | 1.25 (1.07–1.47) | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) | 1.41 (1.23–1.61) |
Childhood financial difficulties b | ||||||||
 No | 1.00 (0.95–1.27) | 1.19 (1.02–1.40) | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | 1.20 (1.04–1.40) | 1.17 (0.99–1.38) | 1.12 (0.94–1.34) | 1.12 (0.94–1.34) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) |
Adult socioeconomic measures | ||||||||
Educational level c | ||||||||
 Bachelor’s degree | 1.52 (1.32–1.75) | 1.54 (1.32–1.80) | 1.24 (1.08–1.43) | 1.23 (1.06–1.42) | 1.26 (1.07–1.49) | 1.15 (0.97–1.37) | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 1.68 (1.45–1.95) |
 Master’s degree or higher | 1.90 (1.63–2.21) | 1.78 (1.50–2.10) | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) | 1.42 (1.22–1.67) | 1.78 (1.50–2.11) | 1.73 (1.41–2.11) | 0.77 (0.66–0.90) | 2.16 (1.83–2.55) |
Occupational class d | ||||||||
 Routine non-manual worker | 1.63 (1.17–2.27) | 1.06 (0.75–1.50) | 1.33 (0.98–1.81) | 1.22 (0.88–1.69) | 0.98 (0.70–1.38) | 1.25 (0.90–1.72) | 0.86 (0.64–1.14) | 0.80 (0.60–1.08) |
 Semi-professional | 2.19 (1.59–3.03) | 1.28 (0.92–1.80) | 1.48 (1.10–2.01) | 1.51 (1.10–2.08) | 1.18 (0.85–1.64) | 1.42 (1.04–1.95) | 0.77 (0.58–1.03) | 1.32 (0.99–1.77) |
 Manager or professional | 2.91 (2.09–4.03) | 1.53 (1.08–2.15) | 1.31 (0.97–1.78) | 1.60 (1.16–2.21) | 1.57 (1.13–2.19) | 2.03 (1.46–2.82) | 0.71 (0.53–0.94) | 1.65 (1.22–2.24) |
Household income e | ||||||||
 2nd lowest quartile | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) | 1.15 (0.97–1.37) | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 1.06 (0.90–1.25) | 0.98 (0.81–1.17) | 1.15 (0.94–1.40) | 1.00 (0.85–1.18) | 1.01 (0.86–1.20) |
 2nd highest quartile | 1.41 (1.19–1.66) | 1.37 (1.15–1.64) | 1.06 (0.90–1.25) | 1.08 (0.90–1.28) | 1.08 (0.90–1.31) | 1.20 (0.97–1.48) | 0.89 (0.75–1.06) | 1.46 (1.22–1.75) |
 Highest quartile | 1.66 (1.38–1.98) | 1.48 (1.22–1.79) | 0.97 (0.81–1.16) | 1.33 (1.11–1.60) | 1.42 (1.17–1.73) | 1.23 (0.98–1.54) | 0.92 (0.77–1.11) | 1.41 (1.16–1.71) |
Housing tenure f | ||||||||
 Owner-occupier | 1.33 (1.18–1.50) | 1.10 (0.97–1.26) | 1.20 (1.06–1.36) | 1.26 (1.11–1.43) | 1.20 (1.04–1.37) | 0.77 (0.66–0.91) | 1.05 (0.92–1.19) | 1.20 (1.05–1.37) |
Financial difficulties g | ||||||||
 No or few | 1.47 (1.27–1.70) | 1.42 (1.21–1.66) | 1.25 (1.08–1.44) | 1.17 (1.00–1.35) | 1.34 (1.13–1.58) | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) | 1.02 (0.88–1.18) | 1.75 (1.51–2.02) |
Household wealth h | ||||||||
 10,000–99,999€ | 1.23 (1.07–1.41) | 1.23 (1.06–1.42) | 1.16 (1.01–1.33) | 1.17 (1.02–1.35) | 1.19 (1.01–1.39) | 0.95 (0.79–1.13) | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) | 1.31 (1.14–1.52) |
 ≥ 100,000€ | 1.52 (1.30–1.79) | 1.29 (1.09–1.53) | 1.22 (1.04–1.43) | 1.54 (1.31–1.81) | 1.62 (1.36–1.93) | 0.84 (0.69–1.02) | 1.18 (1.00–1.38) | 1.50 (1.26–1.78) |