Skip to main content

Table 4 Associations between socioeconomic circumstances and having several recommended food habits a

From: Associations of childhood and adult socioeconomic circumstances with recommended food habits among young and midlife Finnish employees

 

Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals)

 

M1: Gender and age adjustments

M2: M1 + country of birth, marital status, and having children in household

M3 b: M2 + parental educational level and childhood financial difficulties

M4 b: M2 + own education, occupational class, and household income

Childhood socioeconomic measures

Parental educational level c

 Upper secondary school

1.21 (0.92–1.58)

1.19 (0.91–1.57)

1.18 (0.90–1.55)

1.12 (0.85–1.47)

 Higher education

1.49 (1.25–1.78)

1.51 (1.26–1.80)

1.46 (1.22–1.75)

1.27 (1.05–1.53)

Childhood financial difficulties d

 No

1.42 (1.15–1.76)

1.41 (1.14–1.75)

1.33 (1.07–1.66)

1.30 (1.05–1.62)

Adult socioeconomic measures

Educational level e

 Bachelor’s degree

1.60 (1.28–1.99)

1.60 (1.28–2.00)

1.53 (1.22–1.91)

1.48 (1.10–2.00)

 Master’s degree or higher

2.19 (1.75–2.74)

2.22 (1.77–2.78)

1.99 (1.58–2.53)

1.85 (1.29–2.67)

Occupational class f

 Routine non-manual worker

1.45 (0.82–2.59)

1.46 (0.82–2.60)

1.45 (0.81–2.59)

1.50 (0.84–2.67)

 Semi-professional

2.06 (1.17–3.62)

2.03 (1.16–3.58)

1.95 (1.11–3.43)

1.52 (0.84–2.76)

 Manager or professional

2.80 (1.59–4.93)

2.80 (1.59–4.93)

2.51 (1.42–4.43)

1.61 (0.86–3.00)

Household income g

 2nd lowest quartile

1.07 (0.84–1.35)

1.21 (0.95–1.55)

1.17 (0.92–1.49)

1.06 (0.83–1.36)

 2nd highest quartile

1.31 (1.03–1.67)

1.42 (1.10–1.84)

1.35 (1.04–1.74)

1.18 (0.91–1.54)

 Highest quartile

1.61 (1.26–2.06)

1.85 (1.43–2.40)

1.71 (1.31–2.22)

1.41 (1.07–1.86)

Housing tenure h

 Owner-occupier

1.44 (1.21–1.71)

1.30 (1.09–1.56)

1.25 (1.04–1.50)

1.14 (0.95–1.38)

Financial difficulties i

 No or few

2.12 (1.67–2.69)

2.14 (1.68–2.73)

2.03 (1.59–2.59)

1.81 (1.41–2.33)

Household wealth j

    

 10,000–99,999€

1.53 (1.23–1.86)

1.47 (1.19–1.81)

1.40 (1.13–1.73)

1.30 (1.05–1.62)

 ≥ 100,000€

1.88 (1.51–2.35)

1.72 (1.36–2.17)

1.56 (1.22–1.98)

1.37 (1.07–1.76)

  1. a Having 6–8 recommended food habits and consuming fresh or cooked vegetables, or fruit or berries at least twice a day was required for belonging to this group. Comparison group: having 0–5 recommended food habits
  2. b Mutual adjustment has been performed in Models 3 and 4 in the cases where there are same variables both as an exposure and as a covariate. For example, concerning parental educational level as an exposure measure in Model 3, the analysis is adjusted for Model 2 covariates together with childhood financial difficulties
  3. Reference groups: c vocational school or lower, d yes, e upper secondary school or lower, f manual worker, g lowest quartile, h renter or other, i yes, j < 10,000€
Back to article page

BMC Nutrition

ISSN: 2055-0928

Contact us