Covariate | Estimate | Φ | 95% CI for ϕ | SE | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
place of residence(Ref. = rural) | |||||
Urban | -0.04 | 0.96 | [0.94,0.97] | 0.001 | 0.001* |
Women’s age(Ref. = 15–19) | |||||
 19–24 | 0.01 | 1.010 | [1.001, 1.05] | 0.039 | 0.010* |
 25–29 | 0.02 | 1.020 | [1.02, 1.40] | 0.018 | 0.001* |
 30–34 | 0.25 | 1.284 | [1.06, 1.41] | 0.012 | 0.020* |
 35–39 | 0.03 | 1.030 | [1.01, 1.55] | 0.011 | 0.005* |
 40–44 | 0.04 | 1.041 | [1.01, 1.22] | 0.011 | 0.019* |
Level of education(Ref. = secondary and above) | |||||
 Non-educated | 0.03 | 1.03 | [1.00,1.06] | 0.014 | 0.039* |
 Primary | 0.12 | 1.13 | [1.11,1.15] | 0.011 | 0.000* |
Wealth index(Ref. = Poor) | |||||
 Middle | -0.03 | 0.97 | [0.93,0.99] | 0.012 | 0.022* |
 rich | -0.07 | 0.93 | [0.91,0.95] | 0.010 | 0.000* |
Sex of child(Ref. = male) | |||||
 Female | -0.02 | 0.98 | [0.96,1.00] | 0.009 | 0.091 |
Smoking status(Ref. = yes) | |||||
 No | 0.47 | 1.60 | [1.57,1.63] | 0.015 | 0.000* |
 child age | -0.01 | 0.99 | [0.76, 0.99] | 0.001 | 0.000* |
birth interval(Ref. < 2 years) | |||||
  < 2–3 years | 0.02 | 1.02 | [1.09, 1.25] | 0.014 | 0.027* |
  > 3 years | 0.25 | 1.28 | [1.06,1.43] | 0.006 | 0.000* |