Dietary habits | Calcium | Vitamin A | Folate | Potassium | Sodium | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | Energy-adjusted | Crude | Energy-adjusted | Crude | Energy-adjusted | Crude | Energy-adjusted | Crude | Energy-adjusted | ||
Meal frequency | < 3 meal/day | 809.6 ± 40.3.92 | 308.6 ± 92.42 | 572.6 ± 453.89 | 220.4 ± 148.19 | 334.5 ± 221.21 | 137.69 ± 57.13 | 2933 ± 2021.25 | 1199 ± 406.33 | 3746 ± 1871.34 | 1582 ± 572.34 |
3 meal/day | 897.5 ± 386.23 | 319.3 ± 79.22 | 655.1 ± 455.47 | 235.6 ± 132.12 | 359.0 ± 186.75 | 137.61 ± 49.47 | 3102 ± 1436.51 | 1198 ± 376.52 | 4139 ± 2109.67 | 1584 ± 548.29 | |
4–6 meal/day | 983.2 ± 411.95 | 335.0 ± 83.53 | 773.3 ± 525.03 | 267.9 ± 160.03 | 406.0 ± 195.57 | 142.09 ± 46.59 | 3631 ± 1558.44 | 1277 ± 357.05 | 4354 ± 1979.65 | 1523 ± 457.15 | |
> 6 meal/day | 1171 ± 478.53a | 345.8 ± 94.45 | 945.4 ± 757.19 | 280.3 ± 177.2 | 528.3 ± 236.01 | 156.44 ± 52.68 | 4835 ± 2013.63 | 1426 ± 371.86 | 5020 ± 2295.73 | 1484 ± 497.77 | |
P-value | * < 0.001 | < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | |
Fried-food consumption | < 1 time/month | 750.2 ± 391.25 | 328.8 ± 95.80 | 485.4 ± 333.65 | 221.2 ± 153.33 | 315.1 ± 166.94 | 142.23 ± 52.54 | 2890 ± 1486.17 | 1313 ± 440.33 | 3568 ± 2023.5 | 1607 ± 625.54 |
1–3 time/month | 858.8 ± 377.38 | 323.6 ± 89.49 | 636.0 ± 500.19 | 240.7 ± 153.83 | 369.7 ± 178.25 | 139.8 ± 47.96 | 3347 ± 1473.89 | 1267.44 ± 366.54 | 3994 ± 1713.05 | 1520 ± 461.05 | |
> 3 time/month | 942.3 ± 422.40 | 320.2 ± 81.70 | 724.1 ± 507.80 | 249.4 ± 143.12 | 416.1 ± 208.47 | 141.9 ± 47.24 | 367 ± 1643.19 | 1260 ± 356.04 | 4491 ± 2112.52 | 1534 ± 482.48 | |
Daily | 972.9 ± 415.87 | 318.0 ± 83.29 | 694.3 ± 467.82 | 230.7 ± 138.11 | 437.6 ± 198.43 | 143.9 ± 47.34 | 3825 ± 1672.71 | 1257 ± 357.55 | 4689 ± 2058.53 | 1532 ± 425.29 | |
P-value | < 0.001 | 0.013 | * < 0.001 | *0.025 | < 0.001 | 0.074 | < 0.001 | 0.011 | * < 0.001 | *0.001 | |
Adding salt to prepared meal | No | 984.8 ± 450.08 | 303.6 ± 81.14 | 794.1 ± 543.99 | 234.4 ± 141.27 | 389.9 ± 193.78 | 142.8 ± 48.51 | 3486 ± 1561.91 | 1282 ± 369.75 | 4090 ± 1890.79 | 1506 ± 470.15 |
Sometimes | 942.3 ± 406.05 | 315.5 ± 76.8 | 674.0 ± 464.59 | 228.6 ± 132.84 | 409.7 ± 185.78 | 138.5 ± 42.7 | 3585 ± 1614.84 | 1213 ± 336.65 | 4626 ± 2001.94 | 1563 ± 440.05 | |
Yes | 892.6 ± 402.67 | 326.3 ± 87.32 | 669.6 ± 492.90 | 247.0 ± 150.65 | 441.1 ± 227.91 | 136.9 ± 46.89 | 3888 ± 1797 | 1207 ± 349.45 | 5335 ± 2326.11 | 1674 ± 533.26 | |
P-value | 0.061 | < 0.001 | 0.026 | < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | |
barbecued-food consumption | < 1 time/month | 830.5 ± 586.31 | 321.7 ± 87.97 | 553.4 ± 389.71 | 219.3 ± 134.49 | 357.7 ± 179.73 | 141.0 ± 47.9 | 3142 ± 1411.59 | 1248 ± 372.55 | 4022 ± 1932.73 | 1585 ± 475.31 |
1–3 time/month | 933.4 ± 396.79 | 320.0 ± 81.72 | 714.2 ± 459.46 | 249.1 ± 140.93 | 407.7 ± 189.23 | 140.5 ± 46.43 | 3644 ± 1533.56 | 1260 ± 352.96 | 4406 ± 1995.73 | 1514 ± 464.79 | |
> 3 time/month | 1032 ± 450.15 | 325.0 ± 88.96 | 886.1 ± 703.43 | 281.1 ± 181.07 | 465.9 ± 241.88 | 145.7 ± 51.33 | 4200 ± 1942.45 | 1318 ± 379.06 | 4696 ± 2160.26 | 1480 ± 523.54 | |
P-value | < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | *0.001 | < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | * < 0.001 | |
Type of frying vegetables | Little frying, Sauteing | 909.4 ± 411.26 | 322.0 ± 84.16 | 693.4 ± 499.53 | 248.0 ± 149.48 | 395.9 ± 190.42 | 141.4 ± 47.02 | 3571 ± 1578.16 | 1278 ± 359.46 | 4288 ± 1942.72 | 1537 ± 465.26 |
Medium amount of frying, until golden yellow | 914.2 ± 426.11 | 317.1 ± 86.48 | 693.3 ± 489.58 | 244.1 ± 147.05 | 407.5 ± 20.73 | 141.03 ± 51.02 | 3543 ± 1998.15 | 1236 ± 364.87 | 4426 ± 2235.55 | 1532 ± 515.64 | |
A lot of frying, until browned | 917.7 ± 410.80 | 306.0 ± 84.58 | 743.2 ± 552.92 | 248.3 ± 153.07 | 412.8 ± 201.06 | 138.6 ± 47.01 | 3652 ± 1702.17 | 1225 ± 359.61 | 4541 ± 1978.4 | 1530 ± 448.89 | |
Does not fry foods | 906.0 ± 400.40 | 330.6 ± 86.85 | 640.6 ± 484.04 | 236.8 ± 145.05 | 391.6 ± 190.1 | 142.9 ± 46.49 | 3504 ± 1615.38 | 1284 ± 371.36 | 4190 ± 1923.49 | 1535 ± 478.81 | |
P-value | 0.835 | * < 0.001 | > 0.001 | 0.014 | *0.005 | 0.106 | 0.088 | > 0.001 | * < 0.001 | 0.980 | |
Used oil type | Solid oil | 867.6 ± 416.57 | 307.7 ± 83.88 | 622.1 ± 444.36 | 226.3 ± 151.45 | 390.5 ± 195.63 | 138.5 ± 44 | 3392 ± 1620.3 | 1209 ± 348. 18 | 4288 ± 1942.72 | 1530 ± 584.58 |
Semi solid oil)Margarine) | 871.7 ± 390.60 | 303.2 ± 78.06 | 610.1 ± 427.14 | 213.6 ± 122.09 | 373.2 ± 173.64 | 131.7 ± 38.62 | 3325 ± 1442.44 | 1180 ± 343.3 | 4426. ± 2235.55 | 1557 ± 487.59 | |
Liquid oil | 896.7 ± 408.42 | 329.1 ± 91.37 | 699.6 ± 572.96 | 255.7 ± 165.38 | 404.5 ± 220.78 | 147.9 ± 53.86 | 3553 ± 1688.05 | 1305 ± 385.66 | 4541 ± 1978.4 | 1557 ± 478.72 | |
Frying oil | 924.5 ± 408.58 | 323.0 ± 83.23 | 686.36 ± 478.02 | 242.8 ± 138.70 | 400.1 ± 191.59 | 140.3 ± 45.84 | 3592 ± 1575.24 | 1264 ± 356.6 | 4190 ± 1923.49 | 1530 ± 463.99 | |
P-value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | > 0.001 | > 0.001 | > 0.001 | 0.044 | 0.116 | |
Reuse oil number | none | 911.5 ± 406.73 | 324.1 ± 86.39 | 685.7 ± 505.69 | 246.1 ± 150.82 | 398.6 ± 198.91 | 142.0 ± 48.2 | 3551 ± 1598.2 | 1271 ± 367.41 | 4283 ± 1995.36 | 1530 ± 481.01 |
once | 903.3 ± 435.23 | 311.2 ± 82.50 | 656.9 ± 457.64 | 229.6 ± 130.28 | 394.4 ± 187.94 | 138.2 ± 43.67 | 3521 ± 1633.9 | 1236 ± 343.77 | 4433 ± 2117.94 | 1554. ±475.56 | |
more than twice | 908.2 ± 410.96 | 320.1 ± 87.25 | 674.9 ± 498.59 | 243.6 ± 145.2 | 426.4 ± 242 | 138.0 ± 50.27 | 3688 ± 1744.2 | 1210 ± 378.4 | 4683 ± 2061.02 | 1553 ± 483.96 | |
P-value | 0.473 | < 0.001 | 0.038 | < 0.001 | 0.109 | 0.018 | 0.387 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.226 |