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Table 2 Anthropometric parameters, physical activity level, energy intake, expenditure and balance of the respondents by sex and age

From: Energy intake, expenditure and balance, and factors associated with energy balance of young adults (20–39 years): a retrospective cross-sectional community-based cohort study

 

Sex

Age (years)

 
 

Male

Female

20–24

25–29

30–34

35–39

Total

Variables

N(%)

N(%)

N(%)

N(%)

N(%)

N(%)

N(%)

Body mass index (kg/m2)

 Underweight (< 18.5)

1(0.9)

2(1.6)

1(1.2)

1(1.4)

1(2.1)

0(0.0)

3(1.3)

 Normal (18.5–24.9)

64(57.1)

64(50.0)

59(69.4)

43(60.6)

16(34.0)

10(27.0)

128(53.2)

 Overweight (25.0–29.9)

25(22.3)

32(25.0)

13(15.3)

17(23.9)

16(34.0)

11(29.7)

57(23.8)

 Obese (≥ 30.0)

22(19.7)

30(23.4)

12(14.1)

10(14.1)

14(29.9)

16(43.3)

52(21.7)

 Total

112(100.0)

128(100.0)

85(100.0)

71(100.0)

47(100.0)

37(100.0)

240(100.0)

 P value

0.714

0.000***

 

Waist circumferencea

 Normal

92(82.1)

56(43.8)

62(72.9)

44(62.0)

26(55.3)

16(43.2)

148(61.7)

 Abdominal obesity

20(17.9)

72(56.2)

23(27.1)

27(38.0)

21(44.7)

21(56.8)

92(38.3)

 Total

112(100.0)

128(100.0)

85(100.0)

71(100.0)

47(100.0)

37(100.0)

240(100.0)

 P value

0.000***

0.014*

 

Waist hip ratio (WHR)b

 Low risk

81(72.3)

65(50.8)

63(74.1)

44(62.0)

25(53.2)

14(37.8)

146(60.8)

 High risk

31(27.7)

63(49.2)

22(25.9)

27(38.0)

22(46.8)

23(62.2)

94(39.2)

 Total

112(100.0)

128(100.0)

85(100.0)

71(100.0)

47(100.0)

37(100.0)

240(100.0)

 P value

0.001**

0.000***

 

Physical activity levelc

 Sedentary/lightly active

60(53.6)

36(28.1)

39(45.9)

27(38.0)

16(34.0)

14(37.9)

96(40.0)

 Moderately active

43(38.4)

34(26.6)

22(25.9)

23(32.4)

20(42.6)

12(32.4)

77(32.1)

 Vigorously active

9(8.0)

58(45.3)

24(28.2)

21(29.6)

11(23.4)

11(29.7)

67(27.9)

 Total

112(100.0)

128(100.0)

85(100.0)

71(100.0)

47(100.0)

37(100.0)

240(100.0)

 P value

0.000***

0.629

 

Energy balance

 Positive

69(61.6)

96(75.0)

52(61.2)

45(63.4)

40(85.1)

28(75.7)

165(68.8)

 Negative

43(38.4)

32(25.0)

33(38.8)

26(36.6)

7(14.9)

9(24.3)

75(31.2)

 Total

112(100.0)

128(100.0)

85(100.0)

71(100.0)

47(100.0)

37(100.0)

240(100.0)

 P value

0.026*

0.003**

 

Energy parameters (mean ± SD)

 Energy intake (kcal/day)

2398.8 ± 494.761

2431.1 ± 876.664

2371.2 ± 1024.695ab

2285.3 ± 497.793a

2560.7 ± 416.600ab

2586.0 ± 467.587b

2416.0 ± 

722.728

 P value

0.731

     

 Energy expenditure (kcal/day)

2274.3 ± 385.792

2126.6 ± 371.403

2169.4 ± 411.625a

2182.7 ± 377.130a

2248.8 ± 273.534a

2212.6 ± 456.373a

2195.5 ± 

384.544

 P value

0.003**

     

 Energy balance (kcal/day)

124.5 ± 588.637

304.4 ± 921.041

201.8 ± 1083.158a

102.5 ± 629.780a

311.9 ± 483.100a

373.5 ± 494.546a

220.5 ± 

787.271

 P value

0.077

     

 % contribution of energy intake to RId

85.7

110.5

     
  1. aCut off for abdominal obesity, male > 94 and female > 80 cm
  2. bCut off for high risk WHR, male ≥ 0.90 and female ≥ 0.85 cm
  3. cCut off for daily physical activity, Sedentary/lightly < 30 min; moderately active ≥ 30 min; vigorously active ≥ 8–10 min
  4. dFAO/WHO/UNU (2001) daily energy recommendation for males = 2800 kcal; females = 2200 kcal
  5. RI: Recommended intake
  6. SD: Standard deviation
  7. Mean values with different superscripts in the same row are significant at P < 0.05 2-tailed
  8. *P < 0.05 **P < 0.01 ***P < 0.001