Energy intake, expenditure and balance, and factors associated with energy balance of young adults (20–39 years): a retrospective cross-sectional community-based cohort study

Table 3 Relationship of mean energy intake, expenditure and balance (kcal/day) of respondents with anthropometric parameters and physical activity level

	Body mass index				Waist circumference		Waist hip ratio (WHR)		Physical activity level^c
Variables	Underweight	Normal	Overweight	Obese	Normal	AO^a	Low risk	High risk^b	Sedentary	MA	VA
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Energy intake	2176.8 ± 222.670^a	2306.7 ± 522.742^ab	2384.2 ± 483.417^ab	2733.7 ± 1171.073^b	2318.4 ± 522.192	2573.0 ± 966.553	2318.4 ± 487.087	2567.6 ± 950.366	2461.6 ± 938.314^a	2397.6 ± 475.088^a	2371.8 ± 599.074^a
P value	0.003**				0.008**		0.009**		0.566
Energy expenditure	2031.9 ± 158.939^a	2106.2 ± 314.785^ab	2189.3 ± 337.370^ab	2431.7 ± 491.666^b	2175.6 ± 392.005	2226.4 ± 372.621	2170.9 ± 375.538	2231.2 ± 396.463	2008.9 ± 329.983^a	2277.6 ± 330.211^a	2368.7 ± 405.289^a
P value	0.000***				0.012*		0.319		0.435
Energy balance	144.8 ± 335.518^a	200.5 ± 589.763^a	194.9 ± 552.066^a	302.0 ± 1300.186^a	142.8 ± 544.098	341.2 ± 1052.145	129.1 ± 536.164	352.8 ± 1038.912	425.7 ± 1000.696^c	120.1 ± 501.534^b	3.1 ± 612.552^a
P value	0.868				0.224		0.056		0.007**

MA Moderately active, VA Vigorously active
Means with similar superscripts in the same row for each variable are not significantly (P > 0.05) different at 2 tailed
^aAO, Abdominal obesity
^aCut off for abdominal obesity, male > 94 and female > 80 cm
^bCut off for high risk WHR, male ≥ 0.90 and female ≥ 0.85 cm
^cCut off for daily physical activity = Sedentary/lightly < 30 min; moderately active ≥ 30 min; vigorously active ≥ 8–10 min
^*P < 0.05 **P < 0.01 ***P < 0.001

ISSN: 2055-0928