Table 1 General characteristics of T2DM patients stratified by gender
From: Pattern of macronutrients intake among type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Malaysia
|  | Male# (N = 1004) | Female# (N = 1250) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Newly diagnosed | Diagnosed ≤5 years | Diagnosed > 5 years | p value | Newly diagnosed | Diagnosed ≤5 years | Diagnosed > 5 years | p value | |
Demographic characteristics | ||||||||
 Age (year) |  |  |  | < 0.001* |  |  |  | < 0.001* |
  35–40 | 18 (35.3) | 27 (52.9) | 6 (11.8) |  | 33 (40.7) | 33 (40.7) | 15 (18.5) |  |
  41–50 | 54 (24.9) | 122 (56.2) | 41 (18.9) |  | 99 (30.6) | 170 (52.5) | 55 (17.0) |  |
  51–60 | 72 (18.4) | 207 (52.9) | 112 (28.6) |  | 80 (16.1) | 253 (50.9) | 164 (33.0) |  |
  61–70 | 52 (15.1) | 163 (47.2) | 130 (37.7) |  | 45 (12.9) | 181 (52.0) | 122 (35.1) |  |
 BMI |  |  |  | < 0.001* |  |  |  | < 0.001* |
  Underweight | 5 (38.5) | 4 (30.8) | 4 (30.8) |  | 8 (47.1) | 5 (29.4) | 4 (23.5) |  |
  Normal | 77 (32.6) | 92 (39.0) | 67 (28.4) |  | 79 (30.7) | 112 (43.6) | 66 (25.7) |  |
  Overweight | 81 (14.5) | 314 (56.1) | 165 (29.5) |  | 102 (15.6) | 350 (53.5) | 202 (30.9) |  |
  Obese | 27 (17.9) | 85 (56.3) | 39 (25.8) |  | 49 (20.2) | 129 (53.3) | 64 (26.4) |  |
 Race |  |  |  | 0.530 |  |  |  | 0.138 |
  Malay | 182 (19.5) | 485 (52.0) | 265 (28.4) |  | 241 (21.1) | 584 (51.1) | 318 (27.8) |  |
  Non-Malay | 12 (17.4) | 33 (47.8) | 24 (34.8) |  | 16 (15.1) | 52 (49.1) | 38 (35.8) |  |
 Marital Status |  |  |  | 0.848 |  |  |  | 0.023* |
  Single | 1 (9.1) | 7 (63.6) | 3 (27.3) |  | 6 (26.1) | 9 (39.1) | 8 (34.8) |  |
  Married | 192 (19.8) | 500 (51.4) | 280 (28.8) |  | 227 (22.0) | 513 (49.8) | 290 (28.2) |  |
  Separated | 3 (14.3) | 12 (57.1) | 6 (28.6) |  | 24 (12.2) | 114 (58.2) | 58 (29.6) |  |
 Education level |  |  |  | 0.145 |  |  |  | < 0.001* |
  None | 12 (36.4) | 14 (42.4) | 7 (21.2) |  | 29 (17.3) | 93 (55.4) | 46 (27.4) |  |
  Primary | 78 (19.3) | 199 (49.3) | 127 (31.4) |  | 82 (15.1) | 275 (50.6) | 186 (34.3) |  |
  Secondary | 72 (17.7) | 222 (54.5) | 113 (27.8) |  | 113 (26.3) | 216 (50.3) | 100 (23.3) |  |
  Tertiary | 34 (21.4) | 83 (52.2) | 42 (26.4) |  | 33 (30.6) | 52 (48.1) | 23 (21.3) |  |
 Employment Status |  |  |  | 0.710 |  |  |  | 0.528 |
  Yes | 97 (20.1) | 254 (52.6) | 132 (27.3) |  | 138 (21.4) | 319 (49.5) | 187 (29.0) |  |
  No | 96 (18.8) | 264 (51.7) | 151 (29.5) |  | 116 (19.5) | 313 (52.6) | 166 (27.9) |  |
 Residency |  |  |  | 0.002 |  |  |  | 0.002 |
  Urban | 77 (15.2) | 272 (53.6) | 158 (31.2) |  | 99 (17.5) | 281 (49.6) | 187 (33.0) |  |
  Rural | 119 (23.9) | 247 (49.7) | 131 (26.4) |  | 158 (23.1) | 356 (52.1) | 169 (24.7) |  |
Participants’ comorbidities | ||||||||
 Hypertension |  |  |  | < 0.001* |  |  |  | < 0.001* |
  Yes | 43 (8.2) | 302 (57.4) | 181 (34.4) |  | 59 (8.1) | 410 (56.6) | 255 (35.2) |  |
  No | 153 (32.0) | 217 (45.4) | 108 (22.6) |  | 198 (37.6) | 227 (43.2) | 101 (19.2) |  |
Family history comorbidities | ||||||||
 Diabetes |  |  |  | < 0.001* |  |  |  | < 0.001* |
  Yes | 32 (8.2) | 228 (58.6) | 129 (33.2) |  | 56 (11.1) | 281 (55.8) | 167 (33.1) |  |
  No | 163 (26.6) | 289 (47.2) | 160 (26.1) |  | 201 (27.1) | 353 (47.6) | 188 (25.3) |  |
 Hypertension |  |  |  | 0.001* |  |  |  | 0.169 |
  Yes | 46 (13.3) | 201 (58.1) | 99 (28.6) |  | 92 (18.1) | 270 (53.0) | 147 (28.9) |  |
  No | 149 (22.8) | 316 (48.3) | 189 (28.9) |  | 165 (22.4) | 364 (49.4) | 208 (28.2) |  |
Lifestyle | ||||||||
 Active smoker |  |  |  | 0.024* |  |  |  | 0.366 |
  Yes | 96 (20.3) | 262 (55.3) | 116 (24.5) |  | 10 (29.4) | 17 (50.0) | 7 (20.6) |  |
  No | 100 (19.2) | 254 (48.7) | 168 (32.2) |  | 247 (20.6) | 607 (50.6) | 345 (28.8) |  |
 Passive smoker |  |  |  | 0.117 |  |  |  | 0.083 |
  Yes | 58 (21.2) | 145 (53.1) | 70 (25.6) |  | 96 (22.0) | 232 (53.2) | 108 (24.8) |  |
  No | 81 (17.6) | 230 (49.9) | 150 (32.5) |  | 158 (20.3) | 381 (48.9) | 240 (30.8) |  |
 Physical activity |  |  |  | 0.484 |  |  |  | 0.928 |
  Low | 64 (17.8) | 193 (53.8) | 102 (28.4) |  | 77 (21.7) | 179 (50.4) | 99 (27.9) |  |
  High | 119 (21.0) | 289 (51.0) | 159 (28.0) |  | 167 (20.7) | 413 (51.2) | 227 (28.1) |  |