Table 1 General characteristics of nursing mothers at the baseline of study
Variable | PLa (n = 29) | VD1a (n = 32) | VD2a (n = 29) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age(year) | 31 ± 4.3 | 31.2 ± 5.5 | 31 ± 4.8 | 0.9b | |
Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1 ± 3.1 | 30.5 ± 3.6 | 30.8 ± 3.2 | 0.7b | |
Pregnancy weight gain (kg) | 15 ± 5.6 | 12.5 ± 4.4 | 13.9 ± 5.6 | 0.1b | |
Weight before pregnancy (kg) | 68.9 ± 9.7 | 71.5 ± 12.3 | 70 ± 8.8 | 0.6b | |
Sun exposure of mothers (minutes/day)* | Baseline | 10 (0–17.5) | 10 (0–27) | 10 (0–15) | 0.7c |
Week 12 | 0 (0–5) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.4c | |
Birth interval (year)* | 4.8 (0–7.5) | 3 (0–8.2) | 4 (0–7.5) | 0.7c | |
Number of children (n)* | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0.9c | |
Hemoglobin (gr/dl)* | 11.8 (11.3–12.4) | 11.6 (11.2–12.6) | 12.1 (11–12.5) | 0.8c | |
Anemia n (%) | 16 (55.2) | 19 (59.4) | 13 (44.8) | 0.5d | |
Abortion history n (%) | 6 (20.6) | 9 (28.1) | 7 (24.1) | 0.7d | |
Cesarean delivery n (%) | 24 (82.7) | 31) 96.8) | 28 (96.5) | 0.06d | |
Multiple pregnancy n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (13.1) | 0 (0) | 0.4d | |
Use of multivitamin during pregnancy n (%) | 29 (100) | 32 (100) | 29 (100) | – | |
Use of iron supplement after delivery n (%) | 29 (100) | 32 (100) | 29 (100) | – | |
Duration of breast feeding (weeks) | 12 | 12 | 12 | – | |
Exclusive breast feeding n (%) | 29 (100) | 32 (100) | 29 (100) | – | |
Usage of sunscreen n (%) Baseline | Always Sometimes Never/Rarely | 12 (41.4) 6 (20.7) 11 (37.9) | 14 (43.8) 3 (9.4) 15 (46.9) | 10 (34.5) 1 (3.4) 18 (62.1) | 0.1d |
Week 12 | Always Sometimes Never/Rarely | 14 (48.3) 3 (10.3) 12 (41.4) | 12 (37.5) 6 (18.8) 14 (43.8) | 10 (34.5) 2 (6.9) 17 (58.6) | 0.4d |
Physical activity level n (%)e Baseline | Low Moderate High | 10 (34.4) 11 (37.9) 8 (27.5) | 17 (53.1)10 (31.2) 5 (15.6) | 15 (51.7) 8 (27.5) 6 (20.6) | 0.5d |
Week 12 | Low Moderate High | 6 (20.6) 7 (24.1) 16 (55.1) | 10 (31.2) 6 (18.7) 16 (50) | 7 (24.1) 3 (10.3) 9 (65.5) | 0.5d |