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Table 1 Sociodemographic, anthropometric and chronobiological data of participants by sex and age groups

From: Time-related meal patterns and breakfast quality in a sample of Iranian adults

 

Total

Women

Men

Age 20–40 y

Age 40–60 y

Age 20–40 y

Age 40–60 y

Number

850

328

375

77

70

Age

42.15 ± 10.6

33.22 ± 5.53

50.76 ± 6.42

32.16 ± 6.12

48.74 ± 5.79

Smoking status

 Current smoker

28 (3.2%)

7 (1.8%)

5 (1.3%)

10 (13%)

7 (10%)

 Non-smoker

822 (96.8%)

371 (97.2%)

325 (98.7%)

67 (87%)

63 (90%)

Educational level

 Diploma and under diploma

553 (65.05%)

176 (53.8%)

311 (82.7%)

31(40.3%)

35 (50%)

 Educated

297 (34.95%)

151 (46.2%)

65 (17.3%)

46 (59.7%)

35 (50%)

 Occupation level

 Employed

308 (36.4%)

115 (35.2%)

79 (21%)

59 (76.6%)

55 (78.6%)

 Un employed

494 (58.1%)

208 (63.6)

259 (68.9%)

18 (23.4%)

9 (12.9%)

 Retired

47 (5.5%)

4 (1.2%)

37 (9.8)

0

6 (8.9)

 Body Mass Index (BMI)

27.20 ± 4.46

26.13 ± 4.26

28.13 ± 4.25

26.03 ± 5.11

28.49 ± 4.36

 Waist circumference

87.82 ± 11.42

84.69 ± 11.53

89.72 ± 10.08

87.44 ± 12.62

92.62 ± 12.44

 Sleep duration (h:min)

8:36 ± 1:34

8:36 ± 1:33

8:34 ± 1:31

8:52 ± 1:47

8:29 ± 1:41

 Nightly fasting windowa (h:min)

9:32 ± 1:18

9:29 ± 1:13

9:33 ± 1:19

9:15 ± 1:16

9:57 ± 1:32

 Eating windowb (h:min)

13:46 ± 1:35

13:43 ± 1:37

13:48 ± 1:34

13:44 ± 1:28

13:49 ± 1:42

 First meal time (h:min)

7:35 ± 1:04

7:36 ± 1:04

7:33 ± 1:06

7:35 ± 1:02

7:39 ± 1:03

 Last meal time (h:min)

21:21 ± 1:06

21:19 ± 1:07

21:21 ± 1:06

21:20 ± 1:02

21:26 ± 1:11

 Number of meals

6.32 ± 0.89

6.36 ± 0.86

6.33 ± 0.91

6.31 ± 0.95

6.15 ± 0.79

Chronotype c

 Morning-type

435 (50.2%)

163 (49.8%)

193 (51.3%)

41(53.2%)

38 (54.3)

 Indifferent- type

340 (41%)

134 (41%)

152 (40.4%)

27 (35.1%)

27 (38.6%)

 Evening-type

75 (8.8%)

30 (9.2%)

31 (8.3%)

9 (11.7%)

5 (7.1%)

 Participants skipped breakfast d

78 (9.5%)

30 (9.8%)

29 (8%)

9 (11.7%)

10 (14.5%)

Misreporting (EI:BMR)e

 EI:BMR < 1.35

23 (2.6%)

7 (2.1%)

7 (1.8%)

5 (6.1%)

4 (5.5%)

 1.35 ≤ EI:BMR > 2.40

850 (97.1%)

325 (97.6%)

375 (98.1%)

77 (93.9%)

70 (94.5%)

 EI:BMR ≥ 2.40

2 (0.3%)

1 (0.3%)

1 (0.2%)

0

0

  1. Values are presented as number (percentage) or mean SD (standard deviation) in total population and according gender and age categories
  2. a Nightly fasting window was determined by hours between the first and last eating episode and the mean of three-day fasting window was measured
  3. b Eating window was determined in the length between firs and the last eating occasion for a day then the mean of three-day report was calculated
  4. c Chronotype was derived from morning evening questionnaire (MEQ) score in range 16–86, Morning-type (coefficient: 59–86), Indifferent-type (42–58) and Evening-type (16–41) [41]
  5. d participants skipped breakfast at least one day of three days
  6. e Misreporting was defined as ratio of Energy Intake (EI): Basal Metabolism Rate (BMR), EI:BMR < 1.35 was defined as under-reporting and EI:BMR ≥ 2.40 as over-reporting
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BMC Nutrition

ISSN: 2055-0928

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